tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90512763448326182612024-03-05T05:12:29.896+00:00GL-W-DocumentsGreg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.comBlogger55125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-32896127971426188262013-07-04T00:00:00.000+01:002013-07-04T00:00:04.595+01:00AMERICAN DECLARATION of INDEPENDENCE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>AMERICAN DECLARATION of INDEPENDENCE</b></span></div>
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<i><b>& Signators. </b></i></div>
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<div class="heading" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">The Declaration of Independence</span>: A Transcription</b><br />
<img alt="" height="400" src="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/images/charters_exhibit_zoom_images/declaration_of_independence_stone_630.jpg" width="336" /><b> </b></div>
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.</div>
<b><a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.history.com/topics/declaration-of-independence" rel="historycom" target="_blank" title="Declaration of Independence">The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America</a>,</b><br />
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with
another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and
equal station to which the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_law" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Physical law">Laws of Nature</a> and of Nature's God entitle
them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they
should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.<br />
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Natural and legal rights">unalienable
Rights</a>, that among these are <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%2C_liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_happiness" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness</a>.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted
among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,
--That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these
ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to
institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to
effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that
Governments long established should not be changed for light and
transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to
right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism,
it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and
to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the
patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity
which constrains them to alter their former <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Government">Systems of Government</a>. The
history of the present <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="List of British monarchs">King of Great Britain</a> is a history of repeated
injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment
of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be
submitted to a candid world.<br />
<blockquote>
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.<br />
He has forbidden his Governors to <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_laws" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Pass laws">pass Laws</a> of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should
be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
to them.<br />
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and
formidable to tyrants only. <br />
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures. <br />
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.<br />
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of
Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise;
the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of
invasion from without, and convulsions within.<br />
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that
purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing
to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the
conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.<br />
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.<br />
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.<br />
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of
Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.<br />
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.<br />
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.<br />
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to
our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to
their Acts of pretended Legislation:<br />
For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:<br />
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders
which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:<br />
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:<br />
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: <br />
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:<br />
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences<br />
For abolishing the free System of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="English law">English Laws</a> in a neighbouring
Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging
its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:<br />
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:<br />
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.<br />
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.<br />
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. <br />
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to
compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with
circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.<br />
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas
to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their
friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. <br />
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured
to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian
Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction
of all ages, sexes and conditions.</blockquote>
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in
the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only
by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act
which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.<br />
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We
have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations,
which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our
Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in
War, in Peace Friends.<br />
We, therefore, the Representatives of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&spn=10.0,10.0&q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="United States">the united States</a> of America,
in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by
Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and
declare, That <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Thirteen Colonies">these United Colonies</a> are, and of Right ought to be Free
and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to
the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and
the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and
that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War,
conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all
other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for
the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection
of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our
Fortunes and our sacred Honor.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u><i>The 56 signatures on the Declaration appear in the positions indicated:</i></u></b><br />
<span class="heading">Column 1</span><br />
<br />
<b>Georgia:</b><br />
Button Gwinnett<br />
Lyman Hall<br />
George Walton<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 2</span><br />
<br />
<b>North Carolina:</b><br />
William Hooper<br />
Joseph Hewes<br />
John Penn<br />
<b>South Carolina:</b><br />
Edward Rutledge<br />
Thomas Heyward, Jr.<br />
Thomas Lynch, Jr.<br />
Arthur Middleton<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 3</span><br />
<br />
<b>Massachusetts:</b><br />
John Hancock<br />
<b>Maryland:</b><br />
Samuel Chase<br />
William Paca<br />
Thomas Stone<br />
Charles Carroll of Carrollton<br />
<b>Virginia:</b><br />
George Wythe<br />
Richard Henry Lee<br />
Thomas Jefferson<br />
Benjamin Harrison<br />
Thomas Nelson, Jr.<br />
Francis Lightfoot Lee<br />
Carter Braxton<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 4</span><br />
<br />
<b>Pennsylvania:</b><br />
Robert Morris<br />
Benjamin Rush<br />
Benjamin Franklin<br />
John Morton<br />
George Clymer<br />
James Smith<br />
George Taylor<br />
James Wilson<br />
George Ross<br />
<b>Delaware:</b><br />
Caesar Rodney<br />
George Read<br />
Thomas McKean<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 5</span><br />
<br />
<b>New York:</b><br />
William Floyd<br />
Philip Livingston<br />
Francis Lewis<br />
Lewis Morris<br />
<b>New Jersey:</b><br />
Richard Stockton<br />
John Witherspoon<br />
Francis Hopkinson<br />
John Hart<br />
Abraham Clark<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 6</span><br />
<br />
<b>New Hampshire:</b><br />
Josiah Bartlett<br />
William Whipple<br />
<b>Massachusetts:</b><br />
Samuel Adams<br />
John Adams<br />
Robert Treat Paine<br />
Elbridge Gerry<br />
<b>Rhode Island:</b><br />
Stephen Hopkins<br />
William Ellery<br />
<b>Connecticut:</b><br />
Roger Sherman<br />
Samuel Huntington<br />
William Williams<br />
Oliver Wolcott<br />
<b>New Hampshire:</b><br />
Matthew Thornton<br />
.
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b>
<br />
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Regards,
Greg L-W.
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<b>
</b>
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<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b>
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<b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
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<b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b>
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<b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
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<b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
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<b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
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<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">
</span></b>
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for
every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain
does not leave the EU.
<br />
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The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being
imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The
EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every
possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of
the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central
dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with
the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills,
destroy lives and denude food stocks.
<br />
<div>
</div>
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic
leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself
and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the
rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain
of endless imports. <b> </b>
<br />
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<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own
agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights
and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the
thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has
damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the
Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.
<br />
<div>
</div>
Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our
democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by
our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry:
Treat every election as a referendum.
<br />
<div>
</div>
Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician
in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free
Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making
and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected
Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot
box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise
their powers.
<br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div>
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</div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-42232667688380741642013-03-19T22:27:00.000+00:002013-03-21T00:25:17.783+00:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a data-mce-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Royal charter">ROYAL CHARTER</a> ON SELF-<a data-mce-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Regulation">REGULATION</a> OF THE PRESS<br />
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18-March 2013</div>
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(published)</div>
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1</div>
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<b>ROYAL CHARTER </b><br /> <b>ON SELF-REGULATION OF THE PRESS</b></h2>
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<img alt="" data-mce-src="http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/01/1201-004-A0E4C445.jpg" src="http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/01/1201-004-A0E4C445.jpg" /></div>
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<a data-mce-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Elizabeth II">ELIZABETH THE SECOND</a>
by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and of Our other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the
Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith:</div>
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TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, GREETING!</div>
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WHEREAS on 13th-July 2011 Our Prime Minister announced to Our <a data-mce-href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.4993055556,-0.12475&spn=0.01,0.01&q=51.4993055556,-0.12475%20%28Parliament%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%29&t=h" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.4993055556,-0.12475&spn=0.01,0.01&q=51.4993055556,-0.12475%20%28Parliament%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> the establishment of an Inquiry into the culture, practices and ethics of the press:</div>
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AND WHEREAS Our <a data-mce-href="http://www.angelabrowningmp.co.uk/" href="http://www.angelabrowningmp.co.uk/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="Angela Browning">Baroness Browning</a>, Minister of State at the <a data-mce-href="http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/" href="http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> and the Right Honourable Jeremy Hunt, Our <a data-mce-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport">Secretary of State for Culture, Olympics, Media and Sport</a> appointed the Right Honourable Lord Justice Leveson as Chairman of this Inquiry, pursuant to section 3(1)(a) of the <a data-mce-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiries_Act_2005" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiries_Act_2005" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Inquiries Act 2005">Inquiries Act 2005</a>,
by letter dated 28th-July 2011, to be assisted by a panel of senior
independent persons with relevant expertise in media, broadcasting,
regulation and government appointed as Assessors under section 11(2)(a)
of that Act:</div>
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AND
WHEREAS the Terms of Reference for the Inquiry included provision for
the making of recommendations for a new more effective policy and
regulatory regime which supports the integrity and freedom of the press,
the plurality of the media, and its independence, including from
Government, while encouraging the highest ethical and professional
standards:</div>
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AND
WHEREAS the Report of the Inquiry into the Culture, Practices and
Ethics of the Press was presented to Parliament pursuant to section 26
of the Inquiries Act 2005 on 29th November 2012:</div>
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AND
WHEREAS the Report of the Inquiry recommended that for an effective
system of self-regulation to be established, all those parts of the
press which are significant news publishers should become members of an
independent regulatory body:</div>
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AND WHEREAS t</div>
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he independent regulatory body which is intended to be the successor to the <a data-mce-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Complaints_Commission" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Complaints_Commission" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Press Complaints Commission">Press Complaints Commission</a> should put forward the Editors’ Code of Practice as its initial code of standards:</div>
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AND
WHEREAS the Report of the Inquiry recommended that there should be a
mechanism to recognise and certify an independent regulatory body or
bodies for the press, and that the responsibility for such recognition
and certification should rest with a recognition body:</div>
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AND
WHEREAS the Report of the Inquiry recommended that such a recognition
body should not be involved in the regulation of the press:</div>
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AND
WHEREAS it is in the interests of Our People that there should be a
body corporate established for the purpose of determining recognition of
an independent regulatory body or bodies, in pursuance of the
recommendations of the Report of the Inquiry.</div>
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2</div>
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</div>
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NOW KNOW YE that We by Our Prerogative Royal of Our especial grace, certain</div>
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knowledge and mere motion do by this Our Charter for Us, Our Heirs and Successors will, ordain and declare as follows:</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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1.</div>
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</div>
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INCORPORATION</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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1.1.</div>
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</div>
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There shall be a body corporate known as the Recognition Panel.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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1.2.</div>
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</div>
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There
shall be a Board of the Recognition Panel which shall be responsible
for the conduct and management of the Recognition Panel’s business and
affairs, in</div>
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accordance with the further terms of this Charter</div>
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.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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1.3.</div>
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</div>
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The
members of the Board of the Recognition Panel shall be the only Members
of the body corporate, but membership of the body corporate shall not
enable any individual to act otherwise than through the Board to which
he belongs.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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2.</div>
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</div>
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TERM OF CHARTER</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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2.1.</div>
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</div>
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This Charter shall take effect from [date subsequent to the date of sealing].</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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2.2.</div>
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</div>
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This
Charter shall continue in force unless and until it is dissolved, in
accordance with Article 10, by Us, Our Heirs or Successors in Council,
or otherwise.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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3.</div>
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</div>
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PURPOSE</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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3.1.</div>
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</div>
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The
Purpose for which the Recognition Panel is established and incorporated
is to carry on activities relating to the recognition of Regulators in
accordance with the terms of this Charter.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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3.2.</div>
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</div>
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Provisions and definitions to assist in the interpretation of this Charter are contained in Schedule 4</div>
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</div>
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(Interpretation).</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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4.</div>
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</div>
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FUNCTIONS</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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4.1.</div>
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</div>
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The Recognition Panel has the general functions, in accordance with the terms of this Charter, of:</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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a)</div>
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</div>
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determining applications for recognition from Regulators;</div>
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</div>
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b)</div>
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</div>
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reviewing whether a Regulator which has been granted recognition shall continue to be recognised;</div>
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</div>
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c)</div>
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</div>
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withdrawing
recognition from a Regulator where the Recognition Panel is satisfied
that the Regulator ceases to be entitled to recognition; and</div>
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</div>
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d)</div>
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</div>
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reporting on any success or failure of the recognition system.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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4.2.</div>
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</div>
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In performing the general functions in Article 4.1 the Board shall apply the Scheme of Recognition set out in Schedule 2</div>
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</div>
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(Scheme of Recognition).</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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(published)</div>
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3</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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4.3.</div>
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</div>
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The
Board shall manage the assets of the Recognition Panel efficiently and
effectively so as to best achieve the Recognition Panel’s Purpose.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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4.4.</div>
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</div>
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The functions of the Recognition Panel shall be public functions.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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5.</div>
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</div>
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APPOINTMENTS AND MEMBERSHIP</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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5.1.</div>
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</div>
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The Board of the Recognition Panel shall consist of a Chair and no fewer than 4 and no more than 8 other Members.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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5.2.</div>
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</div>
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Appointments to the Board of the Recognition Panel, and the terms of such</div>
<div dir="ltr">
appointments, shall be regulated by Schedule 1 (Appointments and Terms of</div>
<div dir="ltr">
Membership)</div>
<div dir="ltr">
.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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6.</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
GOVERNANCE</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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6.1.</div>
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</div>
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Subject
to the terms of this Article, the Board shall determine and regulate
its own procedures for conducting its business and discharging its
functions under this Charter.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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6.2.</div>
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</div>
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The Board shall not delegate the following decisions:</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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a)</div>
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</div>
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A decision to recognise or withdraw recognition from a Regulator in accordance with the Scheme of Recognition;</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
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</div>
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b)</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
A decision to undertake an ad hoc review in accordance with the Scheme of Recognition.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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6.3.</div>
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</div>
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The Board shall put in place arrangements by which a Member can:</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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a)</div>
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</div>
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register his interests or any other matter he considers relevant to the Purpose of the Recognition Panel;</div>
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</div>
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b)</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
determine whether any interest he holds, directly or indirectly, gives rise to a conflict of interest;</div>
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</div>
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c)</div>
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</div>
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declare such conflicts to the Board; and</div>
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</div>
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d)</div>
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</div>
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absent himself from decision-making where the Board determines it is appropriate so to do.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
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</div>
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6.4.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The Board shall publish its procedures.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
7.</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
STAFF</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
7.1.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The
Recognition Panel may employ staff or otherwise engage people whose
services are deemed expedient in order to carry out or promote the
Purpose of the Recognition Panel, and, in particular, to organise,
assist with the work of, and advise the Board.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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18-March 2013</div>
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</div>
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(published)</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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4</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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7.2.</div>
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</div>
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The
Board may authorise the payment of remuneration to members of staff or
pay or make payments towards the provision of pensions, allowances or
gratuities, at such rates or amounts as it determines.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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7.3.</div>
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</div>
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None
of the following may be a member of staff employed by the Recognition
Panel or be otherwise engaged by the Recognition Panel in a similar
capacity (whether on a full-time or part-time basis):</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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a)</div>
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</div>
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a relevant publisher or someone otherwise involved in the publication of news or current affairs in the United Kingdom;</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
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b)</div>
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</div>
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a</div>
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</div>
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person who is part of the governing body of a relevant publisher;</div>
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</div>
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c)</div>
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</div>
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the chair or member of the Board of a Regulator;</div>
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</div>
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d)</div>
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</div>
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a member of staff working for a Regulator or relevant publisher;</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
e)</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
a civil servant;</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
or</div>
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</div>
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f)</div>
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</div>
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a serving or former member of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, the</div>
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Scottish Parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly or the National Assembly for Wales.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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8.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
POWERS</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
8.1.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The
Recognition Panel, acting through the Board, may do all things that are
lawful as may further the Purpose of the Recognition Panel, and in
particular, but without limitation may:</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
a)</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
borrow or raise and secure the payment of money for the purpose of performing the Panel’s general functions;</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
b)</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
enter into enforceable arrangements requiring the non-refundable payment of fees by Regulators seeking recognition;</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
c)</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
procure professional legal or other advisory services; and</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
d)</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
procure professional financial advice, including for the purpose of achieving best value for money.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
9.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
CHARTER AMENDMENT</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
9.1.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
A
provision of this Charter may be added to, supplemented, varied or
omitted (inwhole or in part) if, and only if the requirements of Article
9.2 are met.</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
9.2.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
Before
any proposal (made by any person) to add to, supplement, vary or omit
(inwhole or in part) a provision of this Charter (“proposed change”) can
take effect a draft of the proposed change must have been laid before
Parliament, and approved by a resolution of each House. For this purpose
“approved” means that at last two-thirds of the members of the House in
question who vote on the motion do so in support of it.</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
9.3.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The
Recognition Panel may only propose a change to the terms of this
Charter if a resolution has been passed unanimously by all of the
Members of the Board, who shall determine the matter at a meeting duly
convened for that purpose.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
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5</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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9.4.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The
provisions of Article 9.2 do not apply to a proposed change to the
Charter that is required merely to correct a clerical or typographical
error.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
9.5.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
Provided
the terms of Article 9.2 have been met, any such addition, supplement,
variation or omission shall, when approved by Us, Our Heirs or
Successors in Council, become effective so that this Charter shall
thenceforth continue and operate as though it had been originally
granted and made accordingly.</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
10.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
DISSOLUTION</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
10.1.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
This
Charter, and the Recognition Panel created by it, shall not be
dissolved unless information about the proposed dissolution has been
presented to Parliament, and that proposal has been approved by a
resolution of each House.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
For this purpose
“approved” means that at least two-thirds of the members of the House in
question who vote on the motion do so in support of it.</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
10.2.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The Recognition Panel may, if it appears necessary to the Board (acting</div>
<div dir="ltr">
unanimously) to do so:</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
a)</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
surrender this Charter (and, provided the terms of Article 10.1 have been</div>
<div dir="ltr">
complied
with, thereafter dissolve the Recognition Panel) with the permission of
Us, Our Heirs or Successors in Council and upon such terms as We or
They consider fit, and</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
b)</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
wind up or otherwise deal with the affairs of the Recognition Panel in such</div>
<div dir="ltr">
manner as they consider fit, provided that all remaining funds (which remain</div>
<div dir="ltr">
once
the debts of the Recognition Panel have been paid in full) together
with the proceeds from the sale of any assets belonging to the
Recognition Panel shall be paid to the Consolidated Fund.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
10.3.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The dissolution of the Recognition Panel is subject to any applicable statutory</div>
<div dir="ltr">
provisions
or other legal requirement (relating to the cessation of the body’s
operation, including as an employer or contractor).</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
11.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
MONEY</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
11.1.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
The
Exchequer shall grant to the Recognition Panel such sums of money as
are sufficient to enable the Board to commence its operations and
thereafter fulfil its Purpose for the first three years after the date
upon which this Charter becomes effective.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The grant of such monies shall be on such terms as Managing Public Money requires.</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
</div>
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11.2.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The
Board shall prepare annual budgets for each financial year, and in
doing so shall have regard to the need to ensure it achieves value for
money.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
For the first three years after the date upon
which this Charter becomes effective, the Board shall provide the Lord
Chancellor, upon request, with such budgets, once prepared, and with
such other information as she requires, in order to estimate the on
going costs of the Recognition Panel from time to time.</div>
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</div>
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(published)</div>
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6</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
11.3.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The
Board shall prepare, consult publicly upon, and publish a scheme for
charging fees to Regulators in relation to the functions of recognition
and review, to come into force from the third anniversary of the date
upon which this Charter becomes effective.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
Any fee charged shall comply with Article 11.4.</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
The
aim of the scheme shall be for the Recognition Panel to recover its
full costs in determining applications for recognition and for
conducting cyclical reviews, as appropriate.</div>
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</div>
<div dir="ltr">
</div>
11.4.<br />
<br />
The Board may determine to set different fees for different circumstances.A fee may not exceed the following amounts:<br />
<br />
a)<br />
<br />
in the case of a fee relating to an application for recognition £x;<br />
<br />
b)<br />
<br />
in the case of a fee relating to a cyclical review £y; and<br />
<br />
c)<br />
<br />
in each case the amount specified shall be revised, annually,according to the indexation formula specified at Article 11.5.<br />
<br />
11.5.<br />
<br />
The following indexation formula is to be used by the Recognition
Panel to vary all financial amounts specified in this Charter, including
those in the Schedules to this Charter. Where no period for variation
is specified, the amount shall be varied on each annual anniversary of
the date this Charter becomes effective<br />
<br />
[formula using the Consumer Prices Index]<br />
<br />
11.6.<br />
<br />
The Board shall design the scheme so that fees become due and payable
irrespective of the success of an application or the outcome of a
cyclical review,and for their consequent enforceability as a matter of
private contract law.<br />
<br />
11.7.<br />
<br />
In the event that the Board considers that its income (from whatever
source received) is likely to be insufficient to meet its expenditure
relating to<br />
(a)<br />
legal or other expenses arising from litigation or threatened litigation,<br />
(b)<br />
ad hoc reviews<br />
<br />
or<br />
(c)<br />
wholly unforeseen events, it shall have the right to request further
reasonable sums from the Exchequer. In response to such a request, the
Exchequer shall grant such sums to the Recognition Panel as it considers
necessary to ensure that the Purpose of the Recognition Panel is not
frustrated by a lack of funding.<br />
<br />
11.8.<br />
<br />
References to the Exchequer in this Article mean the Exchequer acting
through the Lord Chancellor, and with the consent of the Lords
Commissioners of Our Treasury.<br />
<br />
11.9.<br />
<br />
Each Member shall exercise fiduciary duties in relation to the use
and management of all monies received by the Recognition Panel. The
Chair shall appoint one Member to take specific responsibility for
reporting to the Board on the management of the finances of the
Recognition Panel.<br />
<br />
12.<br />
<br />
ACCOUNTS<br />
<br />
12.1.<br />
<br />
The Board must keep proper accounts and proper records in relation to the accounts.<br />
<br />
18-March 2013<br />
(published)<br />
<br />
7<br />
<br />
12.2.<br />
<br />
The Board must prepare a statement of accounts for each financial
year, and must end a copy of the statement to the Comptroller and
Auditor General as soon as practicable after the end of the financial
year.<br />
<br />
12.3.<br />
<br />
In accordance with any necessary arrangements made between the
Comptroller and Auditor General and the Recognition Panel, the
Comptroller and Auditor General will examine, certify and report on the
statement each year.<br />
<br />
12.4.<br />
<br />
The Recognition Panel shall make arrangements for a copy of the
certified statement and the Comptroller and Auditor General’s report to
be laid before Parliament.<br />
<br />
12.5.<br />
<br />
In this Article, and Article 13:<br />
<br />
a)<br />
<br />
“financial year” means:<br />
<br />
i.<br />
<br />
the period beginning with the date this Charter becomes effective
under Article 2 (term of charter) and ending with the following 31
March; and<br />
<br />
ii.<br />
<br />
each successive period of twelve months ending with 31 March;<br />
<br />
b)<br />
<br />
where the administrative assistance of a Minister of the Crown is
required for the Recognition Panel to lay a document before Parliament,
the Lord Chancellor shall provide such assistance.<br />
<br />
13.<br />
<br />
REPORTS<br />
<br />
13.1.<br />
<br />
As soon as practicable after the end of each financial year the Board
must prepare and publish a report about the activities of the
Recognition Panel during that year including whether it has granted
recognition to, or withdrawn it from a Regulator.<br />
<br />
The Board shall make arrangements for the Report to be laid before Parliament.<br />
<br />
14.<br />
<br />
GENERAL<br />
<br />
14.1.<br />
<br />
The Recognition Panel shall have perpetual succession, and shall
continue to exist as a legal person, regardless of the changes in its
composition which occur when particular individuals cease to be Members
and are succeeded by other individuals.<br />
14.2.<br />
<br />
The Recognition Panel shall have a Common Seal. The Recognition Panel may alter its Common Seal or replace it with a new one.<br />
<br />
14.3.<br />
<br />
The Recognition Panel shall have the capacity and powers of a natural
person, and in particular has the capacity to sue and be sued.<br />
<br />
18-March 2013<br />
(published)<br />
<br />
8<br />
<br />
15.<br />
<br />
LIABILITIES<br />
15.1.<br />
<br />
Each and every Member of the Board and of the Appointments Committee
shall be indemnified from the assets of the Recognition Panel against
any liability incurred by him by reason of any act or thing done by him
in the proper discharge of his responsibilities, office or duty under
this Charter.<br />
<br />
IN WITNESS whereof…….</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
To view the Gov. version of this document <a data-mce-href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/142789/18_March_2013_Royal_Charter_on_self-regulation_of_the_press__for_publication_.pdf" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/142789/18_March_2013_Royal_Charter_on_self-regulation_of_the_press__for_publication_.pdf" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a>.<br />
<b>For
clarification of the terms of the Royal Charter as they pertain to
individuals web sites and blogs - my thanks to Dr. Richard North for his
concise and clear summary as follows:</b><br />
<h2>
<b> <a data-mce-href="http://www.eureferendum.com/blogview.aspx?blogno=83725" href="http://www.eureferendum.com/blogview.aspx?blogno=83725" id="ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_DataList1_ctl03_HyperLink1">Media: lone bloggers not under threat</a><br /> </b></h2>
Tuesday 19 March 2013<br />
<div>
<span style="color: blue;">There has been a certain <a data-mce-href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2295658/Press-regulation-Internet-targeted-MPs-time-chilling-threat-free-speech.html" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2295658/Press-regulation-Internet-targeted-MPs-time-chilling-threat-free-speech.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">amount of concern</span></a>
as to whether bloggers might be caught by the proposed press
regulations, and thus be exposed to crippling fines. However, in the
debate last night in the Commons, the position was <a data-mce-href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm130318/debtext/130318-0003.htm#13031839001341" href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm130318/debtext/130318-0003.htm#13031839001341" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">made clear</span></a> by culture secretary Maria Miller.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">A
clause inserted into the coming Bill makes the law apply only to a
"relevant publisher". Such a publisher would have to be publishing
news-related material in the course of a business, the material would
have to be written by a range of authors and it would have to be subject
to editorial control.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">These
tests, says Miller, "would exclude a one-man band or a single blogger".
The clause added is "specifically designed to protect small-scale
bloggers", she said. Lone bloggers clearly do not meet the criteria
necessary to include them in the regulatory maw.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">However, online news sites such as <i>Huffington Post</i>,
may well be caught in the net. Thus, if anything, this new law will
have the effect of levelling the playing field between the clogs and the
independent bloggers.</span></div>
<b><a data-mce-href="http://www.eureferendum.com/profile.aspx?username=richard" href="http://www.eureferendum.com/profile.aspx?username=richard" id="ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_DataList1_ctl03_HyperLink2">Richard North</a></b> 19/03/2013<br />
With regard to the factual accuracy and efforts towards veracity of the web sites and blogs which I publish <a data-mce-href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/ensuring-accuracy-the-truth/" href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/ensuring-accuracy-the-truth/" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a><br />
.<br />
Regards,<br />
<b><i>Greg_L-W.</i></b><br />
.<br />
<div>
<div>
<b>Posted by: Greg Lance-Watkins</b><br />
<div>
<div>
<div align="left">
<b>tel: 01594 – 528 337</b></div>
<div>
<b>of: <a data-mce-href="mailto:Greg_L-W@BTconnect.com" href="mailto:Greg_L-W@BTconnect.com">Greg_L-W@BTconnect.com</a></b></div>
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<b>Accuracy & Copyright Statement: <a data-mce-href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/ensuring-accuracy-the-truth/" href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/ensuring-accuracy-the-truth/" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a></b></div>
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Summary, archive, facts & comments on UKIP: <b><a data-mce-href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/" href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/">http://UKIP-vs-EUkip.com</a></b></div>
<div>
DO MAKE USE of LINKS & >Right Side Bar< & The Top Bar >PAGES<<br />
Also:</div>
<h5>
Details & Links: <a data-mce-href="http://greglancewatkins.com/" href="http://greglancewatkins.com/">http://GregLanceWatkins.com</a></h5>
<h5>
UKIP Its ASSOCIATES & DETAILS: <a data-mce-href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/ukip-its-associates-details/" href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/ukip-its-associates-details/" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a><br /> Views I almost Totally Share: <a data-mce-href="http://www.eureferendum.com/" href="http://www.eureferendum.com/" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a><br /> General Stuff archive: <a data-mce-href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/" href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/">http://gl-w.blogspot.com</a></h5>
<h5>
General Stuff ongoing: <a data-mce-href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/" href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/">http://gl-w.com</a></h5>
<h5>
</h5>
<h5>
Health Blog.: <a data-mce-href="http://greglw.blogspot.com/" href="http://greglw.blogspot.com/">http://GregLW.blogspot.com</a></h5>
<h5>
TWITTER: <b>Greg_LW</b></h5>
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<b> </b><b>Please Be Sure To</b><b> .<a data-mce-href="http://www.twitter.com/Greg_LW" href="http://www.twitter.com/Greg_LW"><img alt="Follow Greg_LW on Twitter" data-mce-src="http://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_me-c.png" src="http://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_me-c.png" /></a>. Re-TWEET my Twitterings</b></div>
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<h6>
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Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-88195813224410412832012-09-27T12:17:00.000+01:002012-09-27T12:26:27.685+01:00BILDERBERG Conference 1955<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>BILDERBERG Conference 1955</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Courtesy of WikiLeaks!</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>BILDERBERG GROUP <br />GARMISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN CONFERENCE </b></span></div>
<br /><br />23-25 September 1955<br />
<br />INTRODUCTION The third <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Conference</a> was held at <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> in Germany from 23 to 25 September, 1955, under the chairmanship of H.R.H. The Prince of the Netherlands. It will be recalled that previous conferences of the same kind were held at Bilderberg in Holland in May, 1954, and at Barbizon in France in March, 1955. The purpose of this series of conferences is to reach the highest possible denominator of mutual understanding between the countries of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.1666666667,-100.166666667&spn=0.1,0.1&q=48.1666666667,-100.166666667%20(North%20America)&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="North America">North America</a> and so to work for the removal of causes of friction, to study those fields where action may be necessary to prevent friction from arising in the future and to examine the general areas in which agreement may be sought. To this end it was thought desirable to bring together a group of men of ex-perience, outstanding qualities and influence from different countries of the Western world in an atmosphere of mutual confidence and personal friendship which would admit of free and frank discussion. It is not the purpose of the Bilderberg series of conferences to construct policy. Participants include statesmen and diplomatists; trades unionists, intellectuals, business and professional men. They speak as individuals and not as representatives of their respective countries or the political parties, associations, or organizations to which they may belong. All, however, share a high purpose and a clear recognition of the urgency of the situation. It was a conclusion of the first Bilderberg Conference that for historical reasons, together with many factors which were the ingredients of the present political, economic, and social situation, there would always be differences of opinion between the countries of Western Europe and those of North America, and in fact between any two countries in the world. Divergencies of view are not in themselves deplorable, and indeed, they are the quintessence of democratic life. Nevertheless, it is a matter of the utmost urgency that the will and the means should exist for finding a common basis on which to build our future. At the second conference, held in Barbizon this year, subjects were chosen for the agenda which were bound to be controversial to a certain extent, but the discussion of which could clarify the situation, and in some cases could be followed up in the future. The problem of the uncommitted peoples was discussed and the general question of communist infiltration and propaganda, together with the approach of the Western European and North American countries to this question. It was felt that there must grow up not only a better understanding between the countries of the Western alliance but a closer contact and better understanding with the Asian and African countries, to many of which belong the so-called uncommitted peoples of the world. There was a strong current of opinion also that there might be great value in arranging a subsequent meeting between leaders of the mind and spirit of the East and West in an atmosphere similar to that of the Bilderberg series of conferences. It was also generally agreed that too little was being done to counteract the unceasing and insidious encroachment of communist propaganda. The participants agreed that whenever they had the opportunity they would try to further those ideas and suggestions which had found general agreement at the two previous meetings, by making whatever use might be possible of the press and other contacts with public opinion. It is believed also that in the wide and important field presented by the European- American Associations much could be done towards creating the friendly atmosphere needed for the growth of the highest degree of co-operation. It will be seen from the list of participants that the Garmisch Conference was attended by men from thirteen different countries. The subjects discussed were: I. Review of events since the Barbizon Conference. II. Article 2 of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=50.8761555556,4.42201111111&spn=0.01,0.01&q=50.8761555556,4.42201111111%20(NATO)&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>. III. The political and strategic aspects of atomic energy. IV. The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="German reunification">reunification of Germany</a>. V. European unity. VI. The industrial aspects of atomic energy. VII. Economic problems: <br />(a) East-West trade <br />(b) The political aspects of convertibility <br />(c) Expansion of international trade. In order to allow participants to speak with perfect frankness and in the knowledge that their words would not be read outside the conference circle, the Chairman asked for the utmost discretion. The press, as at the previous conferences, was not admitted, and this document should be treated as strictly confidential and for the personal use of the recipient only. A press statement, released at Garmisch-Partenkirchen on 26 September, 1955, is reproduced in the Appendix to this report. SUMMARY OF CONSENSUS OF OPINION AT THE CONFERENCE A. The changes in internal characteristics and external behaviour of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> regime. The group noted that during the last year or two there have been significant changes both in the internal characteristics and the external behaviour of the Soviet regime. These changes are such as to deserve the considered attention of the Western peoples, and give some grounds for hope that the problem of Soviet Russian power and ideology will not be necessarily over the long term what we have known it to be in the past. Nevertheless, they have not yet led to any alterations in the Soviet position on major issues that could warrant in the slightest degree any modifications in the military posture of the Western countries as embodied in the policies and arrangements of NATO, or in their efforts to strengthen the free world politically and economically. Nor can there be any relaxation of vigilance in the face of other devices directed against the unity and the inner strength of the free world. On the contrary, it is obvious that if the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Western world">Western powers</a> should permit themselves to be led into a premature relaxation of their defence effort, or into a slackened pursuit of their political and economic goals, this might very well give rise to renewed false hopes and miscalculations on the Soviet side which could undo even those slender elements of hope and encouragement implicit in the present situation. On the other hand, there is also the opposite danger of needlessly rebuffing Soviet moves which may offer an opportunity for the establishment of a better atmosphere in internal relations and of inflicting on the peoples of the free world a discouragement greater than circumstances would warrant. It must be made clear to the Russians that every positive move on their part towards an improvement of relations with the' free world will meet with an appropriate response. In the coming period, Western policy will have to bear in mind constantly these two preoccupations. An undue emphasis on either of them can be distinctly dangerous. A carefully selected blend of unshakeable firmness and willingness to put forward and seriously to examine suggestions affords prospects that warrant reasonable optimism as to the possibility of preserving peace without jeopardy to the security of the free nations. B. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization During a broad discussion, the different aspects of the role of NATO were examined: <br />1 The need for maintaining and even increasing the effectiveness of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="North Atlantic Treaty">Atlantic Pact</a> on all levels was recognized, for on the vigour of the Atlantic Pact depend largely the chances of negotiation and peace. <br />2 The military effort must be continued and maintained to the point necessary to prevent all temptation to resort to violence. <br />3 Emphasis was laid upon the importance of the Atlantic Community strengthening itself by making use of all facilities, including those offered by the Pact, for economic, social, and psychological co-operation. C. The Political and Strategic Aspects of Atomic Energy The group discussed the impact of atomic energy on the political and defence • f the free countries of the West. No agreement was reached as to any method by which atomic warfare could be limited without surrendering the freedom of action of the Western countries to defend themselves but it was generally felt that their defensive arrangements are already based on the use of the minimum atomic or nuclear force necessary. If the devastating effect of nuclear war acted as a deterrent to aggressive action and made war less likely it followed that the struggle on the ideological front would become more intense. The West must prepare itself for this development by increasing in every way the vitality of its society. D The Reunification of Germany There was general agreement within the group as to the urgency of this problem as expressed by many speakers. There could be no real security in Europe until the reunification of Germany had been achieved on a basis of real freedom. In discussing the Soviet's interest in German reunification there was a general feeling that the Soviet was not so much interested in the reunification of Germany as in the terms which she could get for it. It appeared that her object was still to use reunification as a central device to detach Western Germany from the Western security organization and eventually to absorb her into the Soviet satellite system. Some participants expressed the view that the Soviet had a fear of what she called capitalist encirclement and eventual attack by the Western powers. Whether this fear was real or false, the West should not abandon the hope of a possible successful approach by means of a security arrangement which would not endanger NATO or impair German freedom. There was a general consensus of opinion that in these circumstances great caution and great patience were needed in any approach to the solution of this important problem. E. European Unity The discussion on this subject revealed general support for the idea of European integration and unification among the participants from the six countries of the European Coal and Steel Community, and a recognition of the urgency of the problem. While members of the group held different views as to the method by which a common market could be set up, there was a general recognition of the dangers inherent in the present divided markets of Europe and the pressing need to bring the German people, together with the other peoples of Europe, into a common market. That the six countries of the Coal and Steel Community had definitely decided to establish a common market and that experts were now working this out was felt to be a most encouraging step forward and it was hoped that other countries would subsequently join it. The need was generally accepted to press forward with functional integration in the economic domain particularly with regard to the industrial utilization of atomic energy. It was generally recognized that it is our common responsibility to arrive in the shortest possible time at the highest degree of integration, beginning with a common European market. It was also generally agreed that the tariff walls surrounding this common market should certainly not be higher and should possibly be lower than the average of the existing tariffs now applied by the individual countries concerned. F. The Industrial Aspects of Atomic Energy During this discussion a consensus of opinion manifested itself in certain points. <br />1 The future of the human race is bound up with the development of nuclear energy. <br />2 The cost of research, development, installation, and the training of large numbers of specialists is very high. Thus the developmental expense which must be put into what might be called the first and second generations of reactors meant that economic justification would come after this. Nevertheless in the next few years this problem can be expected to be solved. <br />3 As a result of the high cost it is of vital importance that Europe should combine her resources, since the cost per capita in any single country would be far greater than that in the United States with its larger population and resources. <br />4 The opportunity to initiate joint action in Europe should be seized before atomic development has been crystallized along national lines and at a time when vested interests have not yet established the obstacles which may make co-operative action more difficult, if not impossible, in a few years' time. <br />5 The opportunity to develop this new source of energy is an opportunity to increase productive output and is directly connected with the establishment of a common European market. Around it can be built, if the opportunity is not lost, a new aspect and a new hope for the unification of Europe. <br />6 The quickest possible steps should be taken towards the integration of Europe in respect to the industrial use of atomic energy, and joint planning, training and research should be started as soon as possible. The possibility of extending this particular form of integration to other than European countries was also emphasized. I. REVIEW OF EVENTS SINCE THE BARBIZON CONFERENCE A European rapporteur surveyed the international events of the past six months. There had been a political evolution which might be called sensational; the conclusion of the Austrian Treaty, the visit of Bulganin and Khrushchev to Yugoslavia, the Summit Conference in Geneva, and lastly, the Atomic Conference in Geneva. The question was whether this was illusion or reality. There seemed to be no serious reason to believe that the communist leaders had become less communist and therefore the changes in Soviet foreign policy were only tactical changes. Perhaps we were entering into a new "Litvinov" period. There seemed to be a parallel in the situation today according to what the Soviet leaders had themselves told us. Their statements indicated that there was a serious crisis in Soviet agriculture and in the productivity of Soviet industry, and there was an undoubted political crisis as a result of the adjustments made after Stalin's death. There was a tendency in the West to say "In spite of threats and Soviet actions we have set up the Western European Union and this has brought the Russians to the negotiating table." Was this really true? Or was it that Russia, having been unable to prevent the ratification of the Western European Union, was trying to prevent its implementation and aiming at neutralizing NATO? Russia could be likened to malaria. It was wrong to believe oneself dead when the fever was high and even more wrong to believe oneself cured when the attack was over. It was necessary to use the period when the fever subsided to take a cure and build up resistance against the next attack and this should indicate the action which we should take to meet the new turn in Soviet policy. The cold war, as we had known it, had been a trench war, whereas the new conflict, called co-existence, was a war of movement. The change over from a trench war to a war of movement had often resulted in serious military disasters and we should be very careful lest this transition also caused disasters in the political field. There were serious dangers in the new diplomacy by television rather than by negotiation and it was of great importance that we should not lower our guard. While we all sincerely hoped that the Russians really wanted peace, we must never forget that they may only wish to disrupt the military and political organization of the Western world and that they will try to exploit all the difficulties which may arise between Europe and America. It was significant that Khruschev himself, speaking recently in Moscow, had said that the Russians always spoke the truth to their friends as well as to their adversaries. They were in favour of the relaxation of tension but if anyone thought that, to achieve it, they were going to forget about Marx, Lenin and Engels, he would be wrong. This was as likely to happen as it was for Easter to fall on a Tuesday. They were for co-existence because both capitalism and socialism exist in the world, but they would always stand for the construction of socialism. They did not believe that war was necessary for that, since peaceful emulation would suffice. An American participant next described the current trend of United States affairs and policies affecting Europe. Since Barbizon the United States had gone through a period of relative tranquillity in its public opinion which had been remarkably quiet on foreign policy matters and a mood of moderation prevailed. The Austrian settlement and the Geneva talks on atomic energy had been well received and the misgivings with which the Summit Conference had first been viewed had given way in the end to satisfaction that some good might have been achieved. The speaker agreed, however, that great caution was necessary. The United States was also entering its quadrennial fever of presidential elections, a fact which could not but complicate to some extent United States foreign policy arrangements. With regard to diplomacy by television which had been mentioned by the first speaker, he felt that we should note that United States foreign policy would continue to be subject to a vigorous and interested public discussion, since a government in his country could not expect to follow an important policy over a considerable period of time without full discussion, full understanding and support by a large proportion of the population. The speaker mentioned two long-range issues of great importance. The first was the meaning of the new Soviet diplomacy and its effect upon the solidarity of the free world. Radically different assumptions about Soviet policy might lead us into dangerously divergent paths. We must seek the proper balance between vigilance and strength on the one hand, and willingness to negotiate and settle specific issues as steps towards reducing tension on the other. Would our essential Western unity melt under the new Soviet sun and our inevitable differences loom larger? What would our attitude now be towards the fate of our friends in the Soviet satellites ? Would we be wise and sophisticated in the more difficult competition in non-military fields and determined in sustaining the economic and other burdens of this competition? We need a common view, common strategy and common determination since communism would become more seductive if it were to modify its two most repelling aspects of ruthless totalitarianism and armed aggression, and would present us with an even more serious problem than in the past. The second issue, or set of issues, which might divide and weaken us arose in the Pacific. The United States was orientated towards two oceans and concerned about Pacific security only slightly less than Atlantic security. This was why Americans were exercised about the problem of Japan earning a living in the world in which she finds herself and were disappointed at the reservations which accompanied the admission of Japan to the GATT agreements. And then there was the problem of China. Here we were confronted by a problem which was far more than a technical question of credentials and recognition, and the China question could seriously affect our total relationship unless we could find a basis of agreement among ourselves. A Canadian speaker could not find very much in Canadian opinion which differed from that described by his American colleague. Technically and diplomatically the United States and Canada were in the same position but opinion in the latter country had been increasingly worried about the realism and wisdom of non-recognition of China and that was an anxiety shared by all political parties. Another United States speaker felt that it was important to recognize that the major differences that had existed between Russia and the Western countries since the recent war did not arise basically from the ideological disparity between the two systems, although that was important, or even from the personality and methods of Stalin himself, but rather from the fact that the destruction temporarily of the power of Germany and Japan left great political and military voids in the world and there was no agreement in 1945 between the major powers on the Western side, on the one hand, and Russia on the other, as to how these voids should be filled. Internal conditions in Russia could change. There could be a strong subjective reaction, as the speaker thought there had been, among Soviet officialdom against the many manifestations of Stalinism, and there could be a changed outward direction of approach to the Western world. All this did not alter the nature of Soviet political interests vis-a-vis Europe as they had emerged from World War II. There were more encouraging long-term factors. A parallel had been drawn between the present period and the Litvinov period of the late 'twenties and early 'thirties and in many respects it had been well drawn. But there was something that was significantly different. Firstly in the late 'twenties and early 'thirties Russia was only entering upon the period of extreme nightmarish terrorism that endured for twenty years, from 1933 to 1953. Today she is emerging from that period, and from the speaker's own observations there had been a feeling of acute horror and revulsion in almost all ranks of the Soviet system of officialdom right up to the very top. Even the Soviet Olympus today seemed to be united primarily by the slogan "No return to the extremities and horrors of Stalinism". This, of course, implies a transition to something else and what that something else is we do not yet know. Perhaps the Russians themselves do not know and for that reason they might be facing something in the nature of a new constitutional crisis. Secondly, there was the state of mind of what might be called the Soviet cultural and scientific elements, a body of people far more numerous and important today than they were in the late 'twenties. At that time there was a great stir of real ideological enthusiasm among these people while today their minds were dominated by something which might be described as political apathy and a burning desire for world contacts, appreciation, and the opening of a window to the Western world. These forces were the more powerful for the reason that they began to grow up under Stalin but were repressed under him and had now come out with redoubled force. That might affect both the internal nature of the Soviet system and the entire tenor of its relations with the outside world. It might be said that nothing had changed but the manners of Soviet diplomacy but we should not underrate the importance of manners on the final results achieved in life. they might be faced in the near future. NATO had imposed upon itself the rule that it would not use forces greater than were necessary to accomplish its tasks. A European participant commented on the fact that the Western world had largely been occupied during the last few years with defensive measures. While this might be true as far as military questions were concerned, it was not true that the initiative had been surrendered, since NATO itself and the development of its institutional strength amounted to seizing the initiative. But now the Russians, by launching their campaign of charm, had again seized the initiative. They had been forced to launch their new campaign as a result of NATO and of Western co-operation and we were moving from the cold war to the hot peace. Article 2 might provide a method by which we could regain the initiative, and this was a matter which might well be discussed here. There was a body of opinion which held that NATO could not undertake the kind of development on the spiritual side that was required in Europe, and that the member countries themselves must do this. NATO had in any case a most inadequate budget for this purpose. One of the functions of the Bilderberg Group, therefore, might be to help to create a realization, through members in their own countries, that NATO has a mission which is a mission of peace as well as of defence. Much good had been done in this direction by the references to NATO by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands when she opened her Parliament recently. It had to be remembered that the Russians were spending a billion dollars at least on propaganda, and in fact spent more money in jamming our propaganda programmes than the free world spends on its own propaganda. It was felt that most effective propaganda could be developed from the human experience of NATO which could be used to familiarize people with the kind of co-operation that NATO represented. There was, for instance, a monthly magazine published by NATO, but more than this was required. A British participant felt that the recent NATO meeting of parliamentarians of its member countries had not been as strikingly successful as it should have been and that NATO had not identified itself sufficiently with the conference. He felt that more than this was required. Possibly some parliamentary group might be conceived in connection with the NATO organization which could meet each year and serve as a means of education and propaganda for the NATO effort. Another speaker felt that the question was not so much one of propaganda but one of what NATO itself could do to inspire people and prepare them psychologically for the use of nuclear weapons should this become necessary for their defence. While the United States had done so much to pool its military resources through the NATO mechanism little had been done to pool its political and economic resources in the same manner and the question was asked how far would the United States be willing to go in this direction. The more that atomic weapons were developed the more it might be possible that they would not be used and this gave even greater emphasis to the importance of conventional weapons and of the spirit of the Western people. It would be of great use if NATO officials could bring pressure on their governments to prepare young people in their respective countries for the task which they would have to face as members of the armed forces of NATO. Other participants were more concerned with the hard core of military reality, which was the real responsibility of NATO, than with the economic and political aspects provided by Article 2. Some nations were displaying tendencies to reduce the military resources which they were making available through NATO, and it was essential that these tendencies should be checked. It might be regarded as a military duty for the free nations to engage in mutual discussions before taking unilateral action. It was also pointed out, as an objection to the further implementation of Article 2, that there was not an identity of membership between NATO and other European organizations in the economic field. It was further contended that for NATO to attempt to consider controversial economic matters might endanger that complete agreement among its members which existed in the military field. III. THE POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF ATOMIC ENERGY The Conference discussed the issues which arose from papers on this subject prepared by United States and European participants. The trends in recent years towards the increase in the power of atomic weapons, their speed and range of delivery, were emphasized by most speakers, together with the fact that the West had now lost its atomic monopoly. Doubts were expressed, however, as to whether there could be such a thing as an atomic stalemate since, as both sides developed the means of delivering an atomic attack, the emphasis shifted to geographical considerations of target location and dispersal, base location and dispersal, and factors such as the maintenance and turn-round of aircraft and other weapons. Moreover, if the countries of the West maintained their unity of alliance they had a definite advantage over the communist world and might be able to look forward to a long-term maintenance of superiority in the atomic field. It should be possible, therefore, to build up a defensive system giving some degree of protection against the possibilities of a decisive surprise attack, and making atomic aggression extremely expensive to the aggressor. In any case, it would be necessary to build up such a defence and to preserve it. Another speaker recalled the previous discussion in which it had been pointed out that we were now entering into a period of hot peace and that as the fronts were moving closer the ideological war would become more tense in all non-military, and particularly in the social and economic, fields. He feared that we were not sufficiently prepared for this new trend of events. It was equally dangerous to replace the argument of military strength by the argument that communism, as shown by recent changes in Soviet policy, would change. The important point would now be to get vitality into our society. A strong argument was put forward by a British participant in favour of a policy of graduated deterrence, by which the West would make a declaration that in the event of its being attacked, it would not use the hydrogen bomb at all unless it were first used by the enemy, nor would it attack centres of civilian population outside a specific battle area unless, again, the enemy did so first. It was claimed that such a policy would make a total thermo-nuclear war very much less likely, since it was in the interests of both sides to avoid the destruction of their cities; this would become particularly relevant as the Soviet became able to strike the cities of the United States. Massive retaliation therefore had become far too drastic to be justified, and was in fact no longer necessary. On the other hand, the clear warning that atomic weapons would be used to repel any aggression would decrease the possibilities of war breaking out, and enhance the security of the "grey" areas in which the Soviet might think that the United States or her allies would not be prepared to commit themselves, at the same time providing the necessary counter-balance to communist superiority in manpower. Since the West would be dependent on the use of its large ports in the case of Soviet aggression, a great advantage should be gained from the adoption of such a policy. It was realized that the chief difficulty would be that of establishing distinctions in nuclear weapons and targets which would not break down in war, but that this disadvantage was outweighed by the moral, political, military, and economic advantages. It was not possible to reach any basis of agreement on this proposal. There was, however, a general feeling that the West had already adopted a policy which was close to that of graduated deterrence in that it was unlikely to use more atomic force than was absolutely necessary. Many speakers emphasized the danger of limiting freedom of action in the face of aggression by making any previous announcement or promise which, in the event of dire emergency, it might not be possible to fulfil and which might in fact prove to be an invitation to aggression. It was not in the interests of the West that there should be a general atomic war, and if war did come atomic weapons should be restricted to the minimum use in the minimum geographic area wherever possible, while still achieving the objectives for which we would be fighting. Meanwhile, it was absolutely necessary that the West should maintain, and increase, its strength, that NATO should be given all the assistance possible to this end and that the free institutions of the West should be strengthened and made more vital in order to meet changing conditions. IV. THE REUNIFICATION OF GERMANY Discussion of this subject was marked by a very understandable sense of urgency, expressed by the German speakers in particular, for some solution which would bring about unification. Apart from the natural feelings of the German people, there was a feeling clearly expressed on the German side that there could be no lasting peace in Europe while this problem remained unsolved and that the time factor in solving it was one of very considerable importance. Meanwhile the totalitarian upbringing of the younger generation in the Eastern zone would seem to be going forward and communist ideas were gradually permeating the lives of the people. To this must be added the reaction of the German people themselves and the feeling that a divided Germany could not be allowed to crystallize into a permanent conception. Against the background of the evaluation of the problem there was the question of what the Russians might gain from reunification. Russia had a considerable interest in obtaining economic help and recent visitors to Russia had emphasized that this was particularly true in connection with the responsibilities which the Soviet Union had assumed towards the industrialization of China in order to avoid being faced on the East by an eventually inimical China and on the West by the enemy represented by the free world. There was also the desire of the Russians to effect some kind of security arrangement arising from a fear, which may or may not be a real one, that there might some day be an attack against her by the Western capitalist powers. German speakers made it clear that the Soviet would hope to use reunification as a central device to detach Western Germany from the Western security arrangements which already exist; then there was the Russian interest in maintaining an Eastern German government which would recognize the Oder-Neisse line. There was the Marxist belief in the ultimate collapse of the West and that certainly affected the Russian time-table. The discussion brought out the interest of Russia's long-term policy in the maintenance of the Oder-Neisse line and the retention of part of German territory within the Polish border. From the communist viewpoint, moreover, the turnover to the West of a former communist state would have a most unfortunate effect on the other satellites. In evaluating the possibilities of reunification the main differences were differences of emphasis. There was a feeling on the part of some participants that it might be possible to work out a pattern for reunification, not within the framework of the Paris agreements, but within the framework of a Germany closely tied to the West if the West were willing to pay the price of an overall security arrangement and were willing to provide economic assistance. An American participant discussed the probable course of Soviet policy and indicated that in his judgement the greatest diplomatic thrust would be directed by the Soviet towards Bonn and not towards the Western powers and that they would no doubt use their position in Berlin to give them additional bargaining power. Another American speaker suggested that the United States' attitude up to the present had been to avoid confusing the reunification issue with the security problem and to keep reunification well to the forefront. A French speaker held the view that his country's policy would certainly, although not altogether happily, support proposals on reunification made by the Western powers and, though it would be unlikely to give active support to a policy of negotiation for reunification, it would offer no active resistance. There was some support for the suggestion, emphasized by a United States speaker, that the possibilities of reunification would be greatly enhanced if they could be thought out in terms of some larger, perhaps global, settlement. A British speaker raised the question as to whether this global settlement might have as one of its elements the possibility of mutual disengagement of the opposing forces in Europe. This would have to include not only the liberation of the Soviet zone of Germany but also the general detachment of the satellite countries from their present dependence on the Soviet, secured by free elections, before it could be accepted by the West. A German speaker, and indeed almost every German speaker on this question, emphasized the need of reunification and the fact that peace in Europe could not be achieved without it. He gave very strong assurances to his partners in the Western alliance that whatever would be done by Germany would be done not merely in consultation but in agreement. He stressed again the importance of the time element and the problem which arose from the need to blend patience with initiative whilst satisfying an impatient public opinion. Finally he made it clear that the question of reunification was based on the assumption that a price could be found which the Russians might be willing to accept at some point in the future, and under some conditions, so that reunification would become a possibility. He underlined the very important fact that Bonn would take no step to recognize the East German government and that the present German government would not take any action which would amount to giving up the Paris agreements and the arrangements made with NATO. The implication that Western Germany's connection with NATO could be used as a card for bargaining purposes caused some concern but the speaker cleared up this point by giving further assurances that it was certainly not the intention of Bonn to sever the NATO connection. A French speaker threw into relief the relation of European integration to the problem of German reunification, and another German speaker stated his conviction that the greatest matter of interest to the Soviet union would be some effective security arrangement, since he agreed with earlier speakers that there was a genuine fear in the Soviet Union of capitalist encirclement which was a constant topic of conversation in Moscow. The significance of the discussion, however, lay in the fact that there were no very clear areas of disagreement; while some were implied and some perhaps not wholly cleared up, all speakers had shown their awareness of the urgent need to achieve the reunification of Germany on terms which would not endanger the freedom of the Western world. V. EUROPEAN UNITY The discussion affirmed complete support for the idea of integration and unification from the representatives of all the six nations of the Coal and Steel Community present at the conference. There was an assurance that the failure of the E.D.C., while perhaps interrupting the momentum of the movement towards integration, had by no means stopped it, and an expression of determination to carry out integration as representing the best means of assuring peace and permanent prosperity for Europe and the world. There were differing views as to the steps which should be taken and the forms through which integration should be achieved, and some expression by certain European participants of the view that in the economic field it might be better to proceed through the development of a common market by treaty rather than by the creation of new high authorities which would exercise jurisdiction over specific economic sectors. On the other hand some speakers took the other view, indicating that the creation of some form of high authority was essential to achieve a common market. A European speaker expressed concern about the need to achieve a common currency, and indicated that in his view this necessarily implied the creation of a central political authority. A participant, speaking as a German industrialist, said that, having fought for integration before, German industry was still determined to pursue the same purpose, but he expressed considerable doubt as to the functional approach to integration by moving from one economic sector to another. In his view, the common problems of differences in labour standards and currencies and the various elements entering into the common market must be brought nearer to parity as a condition of further progress. Another speaker urged that the various states which were to constitute the future Europe should henceforth encourage by all possible means the setting up of medium sized European societies where individuals of different nations could pool their ideas,- work together, and learn from their mistakes. From the general discussion on this subject it was evident that there was a lingering anxiety in some quarters as to the possible German attitude in the next generation, or in so many years. There were also economic reasons behind this anxiety. The prosperity of today could not be counted upon to continue indefinitely and without crises. The position of 50 million people in Germany in the world market must, therefore, be considered. The United States had high tariffs; the Commonwealth had preferential rights; l'Union Francaise had the same thing; and there was Japanese competition stimulated by lower social conditions. Thus it was necessary to bring the German people into a common European market as quickly as possible and it was here that the great danger of the future lay if there were no United Europe. German speakers pointed out that there was no large communist party in Western Germany and no extreme right wing. These things had been eliminated not by police measures but by the vote. There was far less nationalism in the schools and universities than ever before. Germans were certainly aware of the fact that they could not even preserve the freedom of Western Germany without the assistance and co-operation of the Western powers and would therefore voluntarily join any alliance or organization of the West designed to strengthen the freedom of Western Germany and which at the same time held out the hope of extending that freedom to the whole of Germany. A United States participant confirmed that the United States had not weakened in its enthusiastic support for the idea of integration, although there was considerable diffidence in America as to how this enthusiasm should be manifested. Another United States participant urged his European friends to go ahead with the unification of Europe with less emphasis upon ideological considerations and, above all, to be practical and work fast. Throughout the discussion there was considerable emphasis on atomic energy as forming, perhaps, the most hopeful area in which integration could proceed, the point being made that the peaceful industrial development of atomic energy requires resources of man-power, scientific "know how", and materials which may be beyond the resources of the individual European countries. While a United Kingdom speaker had expressed the inclination of Britain not to participate in general integration, he suggested that the British, too, might be willing to see some form of division of effort in the area of atomic research. One of the reasons for the application of the principle of unification and integration to atomic energy was the fact that in the atomic field there were not the same vested interests that affect attempts to integrate other economic activities. VI. THE INDUSTRIAL ASPECTS OF ATOMIC ENERGY This subject was introduced by a United States rapporteur on the basis of a paper previously circulated. The speaker discussed the matter of sources of energy and the methods by which they are utilized for the generation of electric power and other energy requirements, recalling that the progress of the human race had been largely dependent upon the utilization of energy. The great conventional sources of energy, upon which modern civilization was dependent, were not evenly distributed throughout the world in accordance with the distribution of populations and their use was greater in industrially highly developed countries than in the under-developed countries. Nor were these resources of conventional fuel inexhaustible; on the other hand requirements, particularly of electric power, were expanding at a rate which was doubling itself every ten years. Hydraulic resources in Europe would all be fully developed in a few years, conventional sources of fuel were having to be supplemented by shipments oi fuel from other parts of the world and power plants which had been using solid fuels were being converted back to the use of liquid fuels. The problem was how to develop the use of the new type of fuel, with its vastly superior potential of energy, in a way that would make it competitive and economic, and how it could be fitted into the economy not only of a developed country but of an under-developed one. The speaker discussed various types of reactor and the four main channels of development which had to be kept in focus. First there was the technical and engineering accomplishment by which energy was released and transformed into electric or other power; secondly, there was the commercial and economic aspect by which the engineering achievement was accomplished on a sound economic basis; thirdly, the legal and governmental aspects covering such problems as liability, health and safety, security, and inter-governmental relations; and fourthly came the management of the overall accomplishment, the extent to which the government moves forward and the extent to which private capital moves into the field. In the United States the Atomic Energy Commission had recently accepted an offer by private industry to organize a non-profit making corporation to finance and construct, own and operate a fast neutron breeder reactor, under licence from the Com mission. This corporation would be dedicated to research and development in the use of nuclear fuels and the results made known to the Commission and to others as directed by the Commission. Discussion brought out the heavy developmental expense that went into what might be called the first generation of reactors and probably into the second. Economic success had to be looked for in subsequent generations. Economic reactors at this stage were likely to be large reactors and therefore those countries which were the most highly developed would benefit from atomic energy earliest and to the greatest extent. Transmission lines could, however, be used to bring about a better balance between sources of energy and the areas of its utilization. The matter of educated and experienced man-power was extremely important, and in the U.S.A. during the next ten years it would probably be necessary for 10,000 or 20,000 new people to be educated and given experience. During the next ten or fifteen years it was believed that the answer would be found to the problem of the economic production of atomic energy and that development would come more quickly than might be thought because everywhere the human mind was being focused on it. A United States speaker emphasized the influence of energy on productivity, or output per man hour. In 1948 the output per man hour in the U.S.A. was about two-and-a-half times that of Europe and the amount of non-human energy available to the industrial worker of Europe was 40 per cent of that behind the worker in the U.S.A. The European nations should, therefore, take every step necessary to advance as rapidly in the use of this spectacular form of non-human energy as the United States. Here and now was the specific opportunity for the European nations to pool their resources. If nationalism wrere allowed to creep into this situation and each country were to work on its own, Europe would lag far behind the United States. If, on the other hand, it would pool its brain power and resources it could, over the next fifty years, write a history entirely different from the history of Europe during the past half century. Europe must not only work together but must not fail to put non-human energy behind human energy. The implications of the use of atomic energy in the development of the under-developed areas were discussed, particularly where other fuel sources were inaccessible but where atomic fuel might provide an economic source of energy because the transport element of cost was insignificant. This was felt to be a matter of the economics of each case. It might be justifiable to use conventional fuels, transporting them to the point of utilization, rather than to use atomic fuels. To the cost of atomic fuel must be added other expenses such as the removal of the by-products and reprocessing which would render it less economic than the conventional sources of energy. In the utilization of electric energy, moreover, a far greater investment in its utilization is needed than in its production. A Netherlands speaker voiced what was clearly a strong current of opinion when he urged the need to initiate international European action without delay. Two basic elements had evolved from the problem before the group; firstly, that the future of the human race was bound up with the development of nuclear energy and, secondly, the high cost of research, development, and installation, together with the necessary training of numerous specialists. In any European country this cost would be infinitely greater per head than in the United States with its much larger population. Nor would the man-power be available for training the larger number of technicians needed. The only attitude which Europe, with all her native genius, could profitably adopt was to pool her resources and to join together to produce results in a field where there had not yet arisen the vested interests which made co-operative schemes far more difficult to put into practice. What may be possible now in the way of launching European cooperation in the development of atomic energy might be much more difficult, if not impossible, in three, four, or five years from now. VII. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS The Political Aspects of Convertibility and the Expansion of International Trade The papers which had been circulated to the group on these two subjects, which have a certain bearing on each other, were discussed together. A United States rapporteur, defining convertibility as a state of affairs in which there is a minimum of restriction on international trade, believed that a good deal of progress had been made in that direction since the war. But it was highly unlikely that the world would ever return to the theoretical perfection of the gold standard, because the experience of the 1930s showed us that, in a period of declining income the free flow of trade could accentuate unemployment. Therefore convertibility was politically acceptable only in terms of prosperity and growth. The increase in trade and prosperity both in Europe and the United States, however, was due in no small part to the steps which had been taken to reduce restrictions on trade, and the dollar gap had become a manageable problem. Inflation seemed to be the principal economic problem which could interfere with convertibility. In the light of the existing prosperity it would be a serious mistake not to do everything possible to further the removal of restrictions on the free flow of goods and capital. The speaker then dealt with the related problem of investment in underdeveloped countries where the present annual rate of $3 billion generated an increase of about 1 to 1-5 per cent per year in the standard of living. This was clearly not enough to satisfy growing political needs and ambitions. There was room for both governmental and private capital, the first to develop ports, roads, and utilities, the second in the field of raw material sources and industry. Both our moral responsibility and our self-interest were involved and at a time when political tensions had been reduced we should increasingly turn to investment in these countries. A French rapporteur stressed the importance of not dramatizing the economic problems with which the Western world was now faced. These were normal problems and we could only lose by giving them the kind of moral undertone which they should not have. Thus, recent American decisions regarding the tender for equipment for the Chief Joseph Dam; the tariffs on watches and bicycles, and the recent warning to countries to cut their imports in oil might be unfortunate but should not become moral issues. On the European side we could not have a clear conscience in the field of protection and many European countries maintained restrictions which were not justified by balance of payments considerations. Our American friends had to bear pressures from groups of interests which were very much the same on both sides of the Atlantic. On the other hand the United States had put into force a reduction of tariffs on Japanese goods which was a vital thing for the equilibrium of the whole free world. This was a particularly courageous action since it had resulted in a flood of cheap Japanese textiles. The speaker entered a plea for more understanding on the part of European countries vis-a-vis Japan and felt that the decision of several European countries not to give Japan the benefit of the most-favoured nation clause was a mistake which invited Japan not only to look for other markets but possibly also for other political connections. It was important also not to dramatize British economic difficulties. These were serious enough but probably not more than a normal swing on the payments cycle. The British Government was dealing with its present difficulties without resorting to new trade restrictions, which was important for the whole free world and especially for other European countries. A British speaker, dealing with currency and convertibility, believed that convertibility had been very greatly over-dramatized. In the long run, trade and finance went hand in hand and there could not be expansion of one without expansion of the other. But in the short run they could be alternatives and could come into conflict. Where a large volume of trade came into conflict with currency arrangements he would prefer to have trade maintained rather than the currency arrangements maintained. Economic considerations were now at the centre of the politics of every country and it would not be possible to recreate the conditions of the world when it was an economic unit. Therefore he urged that we should not attempt to recreate a hard orthodoxy in currency matters, of which the word "convertibility" had become a current symbol. In a shifting, complex world we needed to seek flexibility in our arrangements. A United States participant reviewed the broad field of economic affairs in his country since the group met at Barbizon. During that six months the economists, he believed, had not caused much trouble for the diplomatists and the economies of the Western world had been strong. The corrosive pessimism which for so many years had hung over the West and its economics was receding more and more. Success was validating the claim that economic systems, driven increasingly by the accumulated decisions of individuals and businesses, could achieve self-regenerative economic activity at high and acceptable levels to populations. We have had to consider what were the realistic levels of employment and unemployment in the full employment doctrine and to think again about the adequacy of monetary and credit controls of a general type and of subsidiary selective types as they had been evolved in our various countries for dealing with fully employed economies. There was no greater contribution that the United States could make to the economic strength of the free world for the period ahead, than to achieve a sustainable relative stability. The American economic system was now fully engaged; there were a few evidences of weaknesses in it, largely in the area of deterioration in the quality of credit here and there, in the field of construction and consumer credit. Certain actions had been taken, with productive results, in the first area. In the second, where the government was not now in possession of specific weapons to deal with the problem, public attention not only of bankers, investment companies, and finance companies but of citizens themselves had been focused upon it. There was every prospect in the United States of continuing to achieve reasonably steady growth in real income, widely distributed among the population with a considerable degree of stability in price averages. As regards the long run, he thought that President Eisenhower's expectation of October 1954, of a $500 billion economy within ten years at stable prices, now seemed to be somewhat on the modest side. The problem for America now seemed to be a shortage rather than a surplus of labour. The value of goods and services imported into the United States in 1954 was more than 60 per cent above the 1947-9 level and in 1955 it was still higher. The overall supply of dollars to foreign countries from imports of goods and services, capital exports, remittances, and U.S. Government transactions had been running at $20 billion for several years. For the last six years the supply had exceeded the expenditure of dollars by foreign countries, permitting them to build up dollar and gold assets by %n billion. Continuing United States expenditure abroad, the growing activity of the economy providing a rising demand for foreign goods and services, and growing capital exports gave the prospect of dollars being available as a basis for continued growth of trade. There had been a large-scale redistribution of the build up of United States gold resources, accumulated in the 1930s, and during and immediately after the war. A large part of this redistribution of reserves had gone to Western Europe and would serve its purpose better if its growth led to action to reduce discriminating trade restrictions. Because of this redistribution the United States had to look more frequently at its own figures. For example, at the end of 1954 United States gold holdings stood at $21-8 billion. At that time the amount of gold cover required by law against Federal Reserve notes and deposits was $n-8 billion. That left the United States with free gold, so-called, in an amount about equal to $10 billion. Short-term U.S. banking liabilities to foreign countries stood at $11-2 billion, while U.S. short-term banking claims on foreign countries stood at $1-4 billion. Roughly speaking, the difference between these two figures was about the same as the value of the U.S. free gold. During the five years ending with 1954, gold and short-term dollar holdings of foreign countries of the free world had increased by about $9.6 billion, of which about $8 billion was derived from gold and dollar transactions of these countries with the United States and about $1.6 billion from other sources, principally new gold production. Thus the policies which the United States had pursued had, to a substantial degree, resulted in redistributing gold and dollar reserves in the direction of America's friends. The speaker then reviewed the extent to which the President's policy announced in March 1954 had been implemented. There was the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1954 which had extended the old law for one year. The United States had undertaken the negotiations with Japan and their results were put into effect on 10 September in the face of considerable protest from certain sectors of American industry. In those negotiations the U.S.A. had been joined by some, but not all, of its friends. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade had been revised and improved and it was hoped that, after a severe struggle, Congress would approve the Organization for Trade Go-operation, although the action of fourteen nations in invoking Article 35 of GATT against the Japanese would make this more difficult. The Customs Simplification Acts of 1953 and 1954 were already proving useful to foreign suppliers of the American market and the Bureau of the Customs had proceeded to make significant reforms in its operation. There had been two revisions of the tax laws designed to stimulate private capital investment abroad and action by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System modifying the regulations relating to banking organizations authorized to do foreign banking business. An executive order establishing uniform procedures and regulations under the Buy American Act had been put into effect and the percentages applicable to the differentials sharply cut. While there had been a great deal of attention paid to the action taken regarding the generators for the Chief Joseph Dam in the West there had not been much publicity given to the contracts that had gone to foreign suppliers because of the reduction from 25 per cent to 6 and 10 per cent in the discrimination in favour of American companies. The President had set up a Council on Foreign Economic Policy. The Trade Agreement Act of 1955 had been passed by Congress this year, giving the longest extension since 1948, and negotiations were now under way for a new round of tariff reductions early next year. Technical co-operation programmes had been advanced, the International Finance Corporation approved, and the Philippine Trade Treaty renegotiated. It was perhaps believed that a nation capable of conceiving and executing the Marshall Plan could conceive and execute a trade policy which would somehow be able to avoid every specific case of domestic self-interest which arose. In fact the general record of the so-called escape clause, under which the bicycle action had been taken, was not a bad one. When the bicycle case came to the White House from the Tariff Commission, four out of five of the sitting commissioners had found that, within the meaning of the law, injury had been done to American industry. After very careful consideration of the case the President modified severely the remedy recommended by the Commission. Six years ago Europe was sending 15,000-20,000 bicycle units a year to the U.S.A. Last year they sent nearly a million and it could be expected that sales would continue on that level, and better, in the future. The action taken was not a restrictive import control but, at the most, a checking of the rate at which the market was being entered. As to the psychological aspects of this matter, the speaker believed that, with the possible exception of the Canadian market, there was no more stable market, no market which Europeans could enter with greater assurance, than the American. There would always be the risk of infrequent cases like the bicycle case, when the market was penetrated at a rate to bring into operation Section 7 of the United States law, but this should not disrupt European plans for earning dollars on the American market. The decision with respect to the Chief Joseph Dam had been a close one and rested on an exception in the President's executive order regarding an instance where the American product was produced in a labour surplus area; the executive order was not limited purely to the question whether the area had a 6 per cent unemployment rate or not. Such decisions involving the Buy American Act were taken only when absolutely necessary. The oil import problem was also controversial. The Committee on Fuel Resources had recommended, in order adequately to spur domestic development, that it was necessary to have a policy for the sharing of the market. This was now in the process of discussion and it had been hoped that it would be possible to maintain a flexible situation in the industry itself to deal with the problem. Steel scrap had provided another problem recently and the rate at which scrap was being sucked out of the American market had led to a request by domestic industry to limit shipments out of the country. So far the government had declined to take action, but it was important to realize that the matter had reached a stage of serious discussion. In all these matters the United States would seek the maximum consultation with her friends abroad. In the discussion arising from the foregoing survey a European participant expressed the view that, although there had indeed been a redistribution of reserves, the reserves of European countries were still dangerously small. Some people were, therefore, afraid that, after a period of dramatic change, the United States might adopt a "business as usual" attitude towards these matters. The United States had passed the Displaced Persons Act and the Refugees Act, and thus corrected to some extent the restrictive immigration quota. But this had been done by exceptional acts surrounded by exceptional conditions and provisos. They were an important contribution in the right direction but a grudging recognition of immediate needs rather than a change of policy. Both Europe and the U.S.A. were in a dangerous position not only militarily but from an economic point of view, and could at a given moment be facing a hostile world. There was still an unbalance between Europe and the U.S.A. and a further large and rapid correction of the unbalance seemed absolutely necessary. A Canadian speaker referred to the approach to a common market and, in welcoming it, felt some concern as to what kind offences might be put round it. It was to be hoped that, as the movement towards a common market in Europe gathered strength, it would be the pre-occupation of everybody that it should not perpetuate or increase protectionist and restrictionist measures against trade with other parts of the world, but that emphasis should be exclusively on freeing trade within the countries of Europe. A Netherlands participant agreed that any increased protectionist tendency would be most undesirable and was certainly not the intention of the Europeans. In support of this there was the Benelux example where it was agreed that the average tariffs for the outside world, protecting the Benelux countries jointly, were never allowed to be higher on an average than existing tariffs had been in Holland and Belgium. That had led to Belgian tariffs being decreased in some cases. Some in Holland had been increased but the result for the outside world was that they remained the same or were lower. For the six countries it would probably be carried out in the same way. There was some discussion on a point, raised by a German speaker, regarding invisible trade which seemed to be becoming more important between centres of economic gravity like the U.S.A. and Europe. It might be that measures such as raising the tourist allowance for free entry of goods might be more effective than concentrating on the difficult problem of reducing tariffs. A United States speaker explained that this had been part of the President's programme of March 1954, but had languished in the face of opposition from certain sections of industry which feared that considerable amounts of some commodities might be brought in on an organized basis. It remained, however, part of the programme and it might be possible to get it agreed. In summing up the discussions on the subject of convertibility a European participant felt that, whereas the problem of trade had been discussed at great length and with little or no disagreement, convertibility had been buried a little too quickly. When we used to talk about convertibility we talked about trade liberalization and the impression should not be allowed to gain weight that this objective had been given up. Full employment should be maintained and trade developed as fast as possible. But besides full employment and trade there was productivity, a vitally important factor for the world, and there was no other way of increasing productivity in the kind of world in which we lived except through producers meeting competition. Convertibility was precisely the way of enlarging the area of competition and of bringing, progressively, American competition to bear on European producers. We did not want to do this in such conditions that it would bring about unemployment and trade restrictions but we should move towards non-discrimination vis-a-vis the U.S.A. in a manner which would not endanger the results achieved. It was possible that a contradiction would develop between the movement towards a European market and a movement towards convertibility. If a common market were created with a moderate tariff, American goods might be still more difficult to get into that market than they were before because producers within the community would benefit from the preference which would exist. Therefore the movement towards a common market should proceed under the conditions of as low a tariff as possible vis-a-vis the outside world, a customs union complete in a certain number of years and a simultaneous movement towards a multilateral system covering the free world by the progressive reduction of tariffs. Once resistance to the creation of a common market in Europe had been overcome we should be in a strong position to overcome the resistance to a reduction of tariffs vis-a-vis the outside world and should be very close to convertibility. East-West Trade On this subject there was general agreement as to the difficult and seemingly small returns of trade with the Soviet bloc and particularly with China. There was little disagreement among the Western Powers regarding strategic items. The fact that 90 to 95 per cent of trade between the free world countries, amounting to some $152 billion in 1954, was clearly in the non-strategic area at a time when military defence programmes required large shipments of strategical material within the Western Alliance, showed that the bulk of trade was free in so far as strategic controls were concerned. Behind the vague generalities about increasing trade, therefore, it was apparent that the Soviet Government was really interested in the strategic items and in getting the strategic list cut down. It seemed probable, also, that the communist countries might be hoping to obtain industrial equipment on a credit basis from the West. We should have no illusions that there is much to gain and we should certainly not wish to become dependent on Eastern trade. The orientation of the export trade of the Western countries had built up a system which made it of little interest, even to purely economic interests, to undertake the more complicated, quasi-barter Eastern trade. Nor should we seriously think that we could make the Eastern world dependent upon us. A British speaker said that the Peking Government had tried to canalize trade with China through organizations that were really intended for communist propaganda. When commercial organizations insisted on avoiding this arrangement they obtained the consent of the Peking Government to communicate with them direct and arrange for missions to go to China. The Chinese Government would only give facilities for large parties and not to individuals who wished to go to China to transact trade. When large parties of businessmen arrived in China, the first offers made were for goods on the Embargo List, in order to induce firms in the United Kingdom to press for the removal of these items from the List and the Chinese would allege that others were not as strict as the United Kingdom in enforcing the Embargo List. Agreements were made to appear very important and received much publicity but, in fact, they generally had escape clauses and often came to nothing, in which case there was no publicity. The impression was that the Chinese could not pay for imports from the West. Their traditional exports went largely to the Soviet Union and the satellites. When the Chinese have offered exports to parties of businessmen in China these have been for tungsten, bristles, and other traditional Chinese exports, above the world market prices. If a United Kingdom firm saw the possibility of making purchases in China and communicated with a Chinese organization, and if the Chinese could not provide the goods, even though they were traditional Chinese exports, they did not answer the letters since they did not wish to say that they had not got the goods. The trade outlook in the foreseeable future was therefore poor. The Soviet Union and her European satellites again gave the impression that they could not find sufficient exports to pay for imports other than raw materials such as rubber and tin, which they needed. The Soviet and satellites preferred large parties of businessmen because of the propaganda value, but would give visas to individuals representing single firms. The Soviet Union also tried to make advantageous offers for goods believed to be on the Embargo List, at times to create a demand for the relaxation of the List. The speaker did not believe that there was much money to be made out of trade with China or the Soviet Union and her European satellites. While there were some political and psychological advantages in encouraging commercial exchanges with these countries, there could be no dangerous relaxation of the Embargo List and large credits were not to be recommended. A United States speaker discussed the attractions of an offer to Germany, or even to other nations, to participate in the industrialization of China through increased trade. The Soviets wanted to relax tensions so as to complete what they had to do at home and in China; they needed economic assistance to do it more rapidly and they had to help with the industrialization of China. If the cold war was not over but only entering a new phase or taking on a new aspect the real nature of which was not yet clear, we should not be willing to relieve an acknowledged adversary of his economic problems, to increase his potential military resources, or to help him to assist an aggressively disposed partner in the Far East. German participants expressed agreement with these views and did not wish to change their attitude towards their Western friends, believing that if they did, it would mean the enslavement of Germany. <br />* * * When the Conference ended on the evening of 25 September it was evident that there had been a very valuable exchange of views on some of the most important problems with which the leadership of the Western world is now faced. The discussions which took place during the three days of the conference were remarkable for the measure of agreement expressed. This was of particular value in the case of German reunification and the Unity of Europe. Disagreement was, as a rule, largely a matter of emphasis. It was clear that participants would be able to return to their various countries enriched by a closer knowledge and understanding of the views, difficulties, and hopes of so many leading personalities of countries other than their own and so better equipped to deal with their mutual problems. Participants in this conference may, in the light of the consensus of opinion expressed during the discussions, and to some extent summarized in this document, be able to pass these views on to public opinion in their own spheres of influence, without disclosing their source. PRESS RELEASE An unofficial conference has been held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen from 23 to 25 September, under the chairmanship of H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. Previous meetings of the same sort took place at Bilderberg (Netherlands) and Barbizon (France). About ninety participants were present from various countries of Europe, and from the United States and Canada, all attending as private individuals. In an atmosphere of friendly frankness, made possible by the informal nature of the gathering, they discussed current problems of interest to free nations. The objective was to promote by free discussion a closer understanding between individuals whose countries share a deep desire for peace and for human freedom. It was not the purpose to reach decisions or to establish policy. Many topics were considered, such as: the problem of European integration, to be achieved through the creation of a common market and by other means; the problem of German unification; problems of East-West trade, of the expansion of international trade in general, and of convertibility of currencies; and the problem of atomic energy as a factor in peaceful industry, including a pooling of resources for atomic research and development. The conference proceeded on the assumption that a steady unity of purpose is now more vital than ever to the preservation of peace and the defence of freedom.<br /><br />
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Regards,<br />
Greg L-W.
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<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
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<b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b>
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<b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
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‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
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The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
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The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
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<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
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The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
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Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry:
Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
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Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div>
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</ul>
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Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-12703401411641008212012-07-09T01:07:00.000+01:002012-07-09T01:07:54.325+01:00CHARTIST 6 DEMANDS, The<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="heading" style="text-align: center;">
<b>The CHARTIST's 6 DEMANDS</b></div>
<div class="heading" style="text-align: center;">
<b>of 1839 </b></div>
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="http://gl-w-documents.blogspot.co.uk/" name="1"></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<strong></strong><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans serif,sans-serif;"><b>1.</b>
All males over 21 should be allowed to vote.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans serif,sans-serif;"><b>2.</b>
Anyone should be able to become a Member of Parliament (M.P.)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans serif,sans-serif;"><b>3.</b>
<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Member of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> should be paid.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans serif,sans-serif;"><b>4.</b>
New Parliaments should be held every year.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans serif,sans-serif;"><b>5.</b>
Voting should be done in a secret ballot.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans serif,sans-serif;"><b>6.</b>
The numbers of people represented by an M.P. should be about the same
in all areas or Constituencies.</span><br />
<br />
.
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Regards,<br />
Greg L-W.
<b> </b><br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b> </b><br />
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b>
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">
</span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for
every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain
does not leave the EU.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being
imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The
EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every
possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of
the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central
dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with
the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills,
destroy lives and denude food stocks.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic
leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself
and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the
rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain
of endless imports. <b> </b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own
agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights
and democracy of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="British people">British peoples</a> than any army in over 1,000 years.</b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the
thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has
damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the
Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our
democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by
our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry:
Treat every election as a referendum.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician
in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free
Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making
and managing <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.lawandjustice.org.uk/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="Law & Justice (journal)">Law & Justice</a> for our own benefit, in our own elected
Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot
box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise
their powers.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div>
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Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-3622280529726167852012-07-04T16:43:00.000+01:002012-07-08T23:25:18.096+01:00AMERICAN DECLARATION of INDEPENDENCE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>AMERICAN DECLARATION of INDEPENDENCE</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>& Signators. </b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="heading" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The Declaration of Independence</span>: A Transcription</b><br />
<img alt="" height="400" src="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/images/charters_exhibit_zoom_images/declaration_of_independence_stone_630.jpg" width="336" /><b> </b></div>
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.</div>
<b><a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.history.com/topics/declaration-of-independence" rel="historycom" target="_blank" title="Declaration of Independence">The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America</a>,</b><br />
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with
another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and
equal station to which the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_law" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Physical law">Laws of Nature</a> and of Nature's God entitle
them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they
should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.<br />
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Natural and legal rights">unalienable
Rights</a>, that among these are <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%2C_liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_happiness" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness</a>.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted
among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,
--That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these
ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to
institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to
effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that
Governments long established should not be changed for light and
transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to
right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism,
it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and
to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the
patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity
which constrains them to alter their former <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Government">Systems of Government</a>. The
history of the present <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="List of British monarchs">King of Great Britain</a> is a history of repeated
injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment
of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be
submitted to a candid world.<br />
<blockquote>
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.<br />
He has forbidden his Governors to <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_laws" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Pass laws">pass Laws</a> of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should
be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
to them.<br />
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and
formidable to tyrants only. <br />
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures. <br />
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.<br />
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of
Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise;
the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of
invasion from without, and convulsions within.<br />
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that
purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing
to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the
conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.<br />
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.<br />
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.<br />
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of
Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.<br />
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.<br />
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.<br />
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to
our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to
their Acts of pretended Legislation:<br />
For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:<br />
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders
which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:<br />
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:<br />
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: <br />
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:<br />
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences<br />
For abolishing the free System of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="English law">English Laws</a> in a neighbouring
Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging
its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:<br />
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:<br />
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.<br />
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.<br />
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. <br />
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to
compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with
circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.<br />
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas
to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their
friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. <br />
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured
to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian
Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction
of all ages, sexes and conditions.</blockquote>
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in
the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only
by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act
which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.<br />
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We
have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations,
which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our
Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in
War, in Peace Friends.<br />
We, therefore, the Representatives of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&spn=10.0,10.0&q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="United States">the united States</a> of America,
in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by
Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and
declare, That <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Thirteen Colonies">these United Colonies</a> are, and of Right ought to be Free
and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to
the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and
the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and
that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War,
conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all
other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for
the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection
of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our
Fortunes and our sacred Honor.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><u><i>The 56 signatures on the Declaration appear in the positions indicated:</i></u></b><br />
<span class="heading">Column 1</span><br />
<br />
<b>Georgia:</b><br />
Button Gwinnett<br />
Lyman Hall<br />
George Walton<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 2</span><br />
<br />
<b>North Carolina:</b><br />
William Hooper<br />
Joseph Hewes<br />
John Penn<br />
<b>South Carolina:</b><br />
Edward Rutledge<br />
Thomas Heyward, Jr.<br />
Thomas Lynch, Jr.<br />
Arthur Middleton<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 3</span><br />
<br />
<b>Massachusetts:</b><br />
John Hancock<br />
<b>Maryland:</b><br />
Samuel Chase<br />
William Paca<br />
Thomas Stone<br />
Charles Carroll of Carrollton<br />
<b>Virginia:</b><br />
George Wythe<br />
Richard Henry Lee<br />
Thomas Jefferson<br />
Benjamin Harrison<br />
Thomas Nelson, Jr.<br />
Francis Lightfoot Lee<br />
Carter Braxton<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 4</span><br />
<br />
<b>Pennsylvania:</b><br />
Robert Morris<br />
Benjamin Rush<br />
Benjamin Franklin<br />
John Morton<br />
George Clymer<br />
James Smith<br />
George Taylor<br />
James Wilson<br />
George Ross<br />
<b>Delaware:</b><br />
Caesar Rodney<br />
George Read<br />
Thomas McKean<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 5</span><br />
<br />
<b>New York:</b><br />
William Floyd<br />
Philip Livingston<br />
Francis Lewis<br />
Lewis Morris<br />
<b>New Jersey:</b><br />
Richard Stockton<br />
John Witherspoon<br />
Francis Hopkinson<br />
John Hart<br />
Abraham Clark<br />
<br />
<span class="heading">Column 6</span><br />
<br />
<b>New Hampshire:</b><br />
Josiah Bartlett<br />
William Whipple<br />
<b>Massachusetts:</b><br />
Samuel Adams<br />
John Adams<br />
Robert Treat Paine<br />
Elbridge Gerry<br />
<b>Rhode Island:</b><br />
Stephen Hopkins<br />
William Ellery<br />
<b>Connecticut:</b><br />
Roger Sherman<br />
Samuel Huntington<br />
William Williams<br />
Oliver Wolcott<br />
<b>New Hampshire:</b><br />
Matthew Thornton<br />
.
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
Regards,
Greg L-W.
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">
</span></b>
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.
<br />
<div>
</div>
The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.
<br />
<div>
</div>
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.
<br />
<div>
</div>
Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry:
Treat every election as a referendum.
<br />
<div>
</div>
Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.
<br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div>
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</div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-39416292457753990282012-03-04T23:42:00.000+00:002012-07-08T23:47:28.406+01:00AMERICA - The BILL of RIGHTS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="heading" style="text-align: center;">
<b>AMERICA - The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="United States Bill of Rights">BILL of RIGHTS</a></b></div>
<div class="heading" style="text-align: center;">
<b>& </b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>The Preamble to The Bill of Rights</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" height="400" src="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/images/charters_exhibit_zoom_images/bill_of_rights_630.jpg" width="376" /><b> </b></div>
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="1"></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<strong><a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.house.gov/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="United States Congress">Congress of the United States</a></strong><br />
begun and held at the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=40.7166666667,-74.0&spn=0.1,0.1&q=40.7166666667,-74.0%20%28New%20York%20City%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="New York City">City of New-York</a>, on<br />
Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.<br /><br /><br />
<strong>THE</strong> Conventions of a number of the States, having at
the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in
order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further
declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending
the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure
the beneficent ends of its institution.<br /><br /><br />
<strong>RESOLVED</strong> by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&spn=10.0,10.0&q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="United States">United States of America</a>, in Congress assembled, two thirds of
both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the
Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution
of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by
three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents
and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.<br /><br /><br />
<strong>ARTICLES</strong> in addition to, and Amendment of the
Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress,
and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to
the fifth Article of the original Constitution.<br /><br />
<b>Note</b>: The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments
to the Constitution in their original form. These amendments were ratified December
15, 1791, and form what is known as the "Bill of Rights."<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="1"></a>Amendment I</div>
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="2"></a>Amendment II</div>
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="3"></a>Amendment III</div>
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without
the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="4"></a>Amendment IV</div>
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="5"></a>Amendment V</div>
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury,
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia,
when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any
person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
public use, without just compensation.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="6"></a><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Amendment VI</a></div>
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against
him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="7"></a><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Amendment VII</a></div>
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by
a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than
according to the rules of the common law.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="8"></a>Amendment VIII</div>
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="9"></a>Amendment IX</div>
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="" name="10"></a>Amendment X</div>
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people.<br />
<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="11"></a><span class="heading">AMENDMENT XI</span>
<i>Passed by Congress March 4, 1794. Ratified February 7, 1795.</i><br />
<b>Note</b>: <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III, section 2</a>, of the Constitution was modified by amendment 11.<br />
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one
of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or
Subjects of any Foreign State.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="12"></a><br />
<span class="heading"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">AMENDMENT XII</a></span>
<i>Passed by Congress December 9, 1803. Ratified June 15, 1804.</i><br />
<b>Note</b>: A portion of Article II, section 1 of the Constitution was superseded by the 12th amendment.<br />
The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be
an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in
their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots
the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted
for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Federal government of the United States">the
government of the United States</a>, directed to the President of the
Senate; -- the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the
votes shall then be counted; -- The person having the greatest number of
votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person
have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not
exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House
of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President.
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the
representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the
states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice.
[And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of
the President. --]* The person having the greatest number of votes as
Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person
have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of
the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible
to that of Vice-President of the United States.<br />
*<i>Superseded by section 3 of the 20th amendment.</i><br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="13"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XIII</span>
<i>Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6, 1865.</i><br />
<b>Note</b>: A portion of Article IV, section 2, of the Constitution was superseded by the 13th amendment.<br />
<a href="" name="13.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.<br />
<a href="" name="13.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="14"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XIV</span>
<i>Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868.</i><br />
<b>Note</b>: Article I, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of the 14th amendment.<br />
<a href="" name="14.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to
the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which
shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.<br />
<a href="" name="14.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according
to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in
each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at
any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President
of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and
Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof,
is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being
twenty-one years of age,* and citizens of the United States, or in any
way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the
basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion
which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of
male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.<br />
<a href="" name="14.3"></a><b>Section 3.</b><br />
No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector
of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military,
under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously
taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United
States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or
judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United
States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the
same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may
by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.<br />
<a href="" name="14.4"></a><b>Section 4.</b><br />
The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by
law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of
any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held
illegal and void.<br />
<a href="" name="14.5"></a><b>Section 5.</b><br />
The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.<br />
*<i>Changed by section 1 of the 26th amendment.</i><br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="15"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XV</span>
<i>Passed by Congress February 26, 1869. Ratified February 3, 1870.</i><br />
<a href="" name="15.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude--<br />
<a href="" name="15.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="16"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XVI</span>
<i>Passed by Congress July 2, 1909. Ratified February 3, 1913.</i><br />
<b>Note</b>: Article I, section 9, of the Constitution was modified by amendment 16.<br />
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes,
from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several
States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="17"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XVII</span>
<i>Passed by Congress May 13, 1912. Ratified April 8, 1913.</i><br />
<b>Note</b>: Article I, section 3, of the Constitution was modified by the 17th amendment.<br />
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each
Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the
State legislatures.<br />
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the
Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of
election to fill such vacancies: <i>Provided</i>, That the legislature
of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary
appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the
legislature may direct.<br />
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or
term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the
Constitution.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="18"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XVIII</span>
<i>Passed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16, 1919. Repealed by amendment 21.</i><br />
<a href="" name="18.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture,
sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation
thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all
territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is
hereby prohibited.<br />
<a href="" name="18.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<br />
<a href="" name="18.3"></a><b>Section 3.</b><br />
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as
an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several
States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the
date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="19"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XIX</span>
<i><a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendment_19.html">Passed by Congress June 4, 1919. Ratified August 18, 1920.</a></i><br />
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
sex.<br />
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="20"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XX</span>
<i>Passed by Congress March 2, 1932. Ratified January 23, 1933.</i><br />
<b>Note</b>: Article I, section 4, of the Constitution was modified
by section 2 of this amendment. In addition, a portion of the 12th
amendment was superseded by section 3.<br />
<a href="" name="20.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
The terms of the President and the Vice President shall end at noon on
the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives
at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would
have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of
their successors shall then begin.<br />
<a href="" name="20.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall
by law appoint a different day.<br />
<a href="" name="20.3"></a><b>Section 3.</b><br />
If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President,
the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall
become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the
time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect
shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as
President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may
by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice
President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as
President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected,
and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice
President shall have qualified.<br />
<a href="" name="20.4"></a><b>Section 4.</b><br />
The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the
persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President
whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the
case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a
Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon
them.<br />
<a href="" name="20.5"></a><b>Section 5.</b><br />
Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.<br />
<a href="" name="20.6"></a><b>Section 6.</b><br />
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as
an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths
of the several States within seven years from the date of its
submission.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="21"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XXI</span>
<i>Passed by Congress February 20, 1933. Ratified December 5, 1933.</i><br />
<a href="" name="21.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.<br />
<a href="" name="21.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or
Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of
intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby
prohibited.<br />
<a href="" name="21.3"></a><b>Section 3.</b><br />
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as
an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States,
as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
submission hereof to the States by the Congress.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="22"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XXII</span>
<i>Passed by Congress March 21, 1947. Ratified February 27, 1951.</i><br />
<a href="" name="22.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than
twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as
President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person
was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more
than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the
office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and
shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President,
or acting as President, during the term within which this Article
becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as
President during the remainder of such term.<br />
<a href="" name="22.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as
an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths
of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission
to the States by the Congress.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="23"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XXIII</span>
<i>Passed by Congress June 16, 1960. Ratified March 29, 1961.</i><br />
<a href="" name="23.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct:<br />
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the
whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the
District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than
the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed
by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the
election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a
State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as
provided by the twelfth article of amendment.<br />
<a href="" name="23.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="24"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XXIV</span>
<i>Passed by Congress August 27, 1962. Ratified January 23, 1964.</i><br />
<a href="" name="24.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or
other election for President or Vice President, for electors for
President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in
Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any
State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax.<br />
<a href="" name="24.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="25"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XXV</span>
<i>Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.</i><br />
<b>Note</b>: Article II, section 1, of the Constitution was affected by the 25th amendment.<br />
<a href="" name="25.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.<br />
<a href="" name="25.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the
President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon
confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.<br />
<a href="" name="25.3"></a><b>Section 3.</b><br />
Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written
declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the
contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice
President as Acting President.<br />
<a href="" name="25.4"></a><b>Section 4.</b><br />
Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal
officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress
may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate
and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written
declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the
powers and duties of the office as Acting President.<br />
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore
of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his
written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers
and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of
either the principal officers of the executive department or of such
other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to
the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable
to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress
shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that
purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after
receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in
session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble,
determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice
President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President;
otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his
office.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="26"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XXVI</span>
<i>Passed by Congress March 23, 1971. Ratified July 1, 1971.</i><br />
<b>Note</b>: Amendment 14, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 1 of the 26th amendment.<br />
<a href="" name="26.1"></a><b>Section 1.</b><br />
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of
age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of age.<br />
<a href="" name="26.2"></a><b>Section 2.</b><br />
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<a href="" name="27"></a><br />
<span class="heading">AMENDMENT XXVII</span>
<i>Originally proposed <a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendment_27.html">Sept.
25, 1789</a>. Ratified May 7, 1992.</i> <br />
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and
Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of
representatives shall have intervened. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Regards,<br />
Greg L-W.
<b> </b><br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b> </b><br />
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b>
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">
</span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for
every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain
does not leave the EU.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being
imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The
EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every
possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of
the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central
dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with
the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills,
destroy lives and denude food stocks.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic
leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself
and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the
rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain
of endless imports. <b> </b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own
agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights
and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the
thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has
damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the
Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our
democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by
our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry:
Treat every election as a referendum.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician
in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free
Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making
and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected
Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot
box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise
their powers.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div>
<div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
<a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/?px" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_a.png?x-id=6fb9133b-bef0-4d59-bd31-141f457ffa47" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>
</div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-32698167935135928402012-01-21T19:38:00.000+00:002012-02-27T19:46:41.819+00:00#GD044* - Elisabeth BECKETT to HM The QUEEN 21-Jan-2009<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
#GD044* - Elisabeth BECKETT to HM The QUEEN 21-Jan-2009<br />
.<br />
Hi,<br />
<br />
let us not forget this letter mailed on the 21-Jan-2009, a mere 17 days before her, death by Elisabeth Beckett: <br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Elizabeth II">Her Majesty The Queen</a><br />Buckingham Palace<br />London SW1A 1AA<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">21 January 2009</span><br />
<div align="left">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">Madam</span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Arial Black; font-size: large;">Unconstitutional reign</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;"><br />Giving careful consideration to the mode of address in this letter, although in courtesy I have addressed it in conventional manner, it is clear that having, in effect, abdicated by failure to perform your coronation oath you leave the people of this nation without effective titular head to whom we may address our petitions. I write to you only in your pre-eminence in Common Law.<br />I write on <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke's</a> remark that for evil to flourish it is sufficient for good men to do nothing.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;"><br />At your coronation you swore on oath to rule this country according to our laws and customs. This contract with us was written clearly in <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> and replicated by Edward I in 1274. After saying that he would give no such oath, the archbishops, bishops, barons and freemen said that, in this case, they would get another king.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">In Magna Carta it was made clear that if the monarch went against this oath then chapter 61 would apply, the contract would be broken and the monarch would have to give up his position and possessions. You have, throughout your reign, disregarded our laws and customs in the legislation that has gone through Parliament.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />I believe that you have done this on the basis of the Fabian inspired Parliament Act of 1911 which argued untruthfully that since royal assent had never been denied by a monarch since 1707 (when Queen Anne sent back a Bill) the use of the royal assent had fallen into abeyance. This claim was untrue and treasonable. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">Only the year before, Asquith had been forced to go to the country by Edward VII who sent back the same Bill to Parliament. And indeed monarchs had refused assent on at least six other occasions since 1707. On each occasion this refusal of assent was because the Bills concerned breached our constitution.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;"><br />In other words, the 1911 claim, is incorrect and the monarch's assent was never and can never be deemed unnecessary or automatic, even though George V chose to accept that the royal assent was now a formality and that the monarch could not, in reality refuse assent - as in the Northern Ireland Bill.<br /><br />Despite all the long years of your reign this method of agreement, either forced on you, or under "automatic assent" nevertheless cannot be upheld as lawful.<br /><br />Many people who have written to you on constitutional matters have received replies from your secretary (most recently, Sonia Bonici) saying that their letter had been forwarded to the government department misleadingly called the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Constitutional_Affairs" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Department for Constitutional Affairs">Department of Constitutional Affairs</a> and Ministry of Justice. Your compliance with this has permitted the judiciary under these government departments to claim, as in the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-6.38333333333,71.2388888889&spn=0.1,0.1&q=-6.38333333333,71.2388888889%20%28Chagos%20Archipelago%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Chagos Archipelago">Chagos Archipelago</a> appeal, that our fundamental liberties do not exist and that the peoples of these islands have no rights under our law.</span><br />
<br />
<i><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">I am old and now seriously ill. I cannot die without making clear to you that you have broken your oath to us your people.</span></b></i><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">The 1911 act purports to permit taxes to be levied on us merely by a majority in the House of Commons and without reference to the upper chamber. This again is against our constitution and specifically not permitted by our <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition_of_Right" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Petition of Right">Petition of Right</a> of 1627. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">The most serious instance of this is the use of our taxes to fund the banking system of this country: this is being explained to the electorate as a step which will in some way make us rich, whilst in fact it is not only unlawful, but a most serious abrogation of our rights and your duties under our constitution.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;"><br />Your contract with the people of this country and the colonies and dominions cannot be destroyed by the chicanery of the Fabians in the 1911 Act, nor by subsequent legislation. If you have the courage to fulfil your contract, however belatedly, you could prorogue Parliament now and have a free election with or without party divisions so that this country can go forward in a proper and united way to remove us from the difficulties that have ensued since the 1911 Parliament Act.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">Yours Faithfully,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;"><br />Elisabeth Beckett</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">Copy to:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: medium;">The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></span><br />
<br /><br />
.
.
.
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;"> </span></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
Regards,<br />
Greg L-W.
<b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="European Union">EU</a> Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">
</span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="British people">British peoples</a> than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry:
Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
<a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_a.png?x-id=ec6620b0-5ce5-429a-adb8-fea996968912" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>
</div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-68397923038264876572011-12-26T00:37:00.000+00:002011-12-26T00:37:30.101+00:00#GD043* - Articles 263/264/265#GD043* - Articles 263/264/265<br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Articles<br />
263/264/265 </b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Treaty Establishing The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a></b></span> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">To understand what an Assembly for Wales, or any other of the 12 silly little Regional Assemblies, will really mean requires reading the relevant Articles </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">[263 – 265] of:</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The Consolidated Treaty Establishing</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The European Community,</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Title II, The Treaty Establishing The European Community, Part Five, Title I, Provisions Governing The Institutions, Chapter 4, The Committee Of The Regions:</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Treaties of the European Union">ARTICLE</a> 263 (ex Article 198 a)</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">A Committee consisting of representatives of regional and local bodies, hereinafter referred to as ‘the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_the_Regions" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Committee of the Regions">Committee of the Regions</a>’, is hereby established with advisory status.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The number of members of the Committee of the Regions shall be as follows:</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Belgium 12; Denmark 9; Germany 24; Greece 12; Spain 21; France 24; Ireland 9; Italy 24; Luxembourg 6; Netherlands 12; Austria 12; Portugal 12; Finland 9; Sweden 12; <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.5,-0.116666666667&spn=10.0,10.0&q=51.5,-0.116666666667%20%28United%20Kingdom%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 24.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The members of the Committee and an equal number of alternate members shall be appointed for four years by the Council acting unanimously on proposals from the respective <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Member state of the European Union">Member States</a>. Their term of office shall be renewable. No member of the Committee shall at the same time be a Member of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.597512,7.769092&spn=0.01,0.01&q=48.597512,7.769092%20%28European%20Parliament%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The members of the Committee may not be bound by any mandatory instructions. They shall be completely independent in the performance of their duties, in the general interest of the Community.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">ARTICLE 264 (ex Article 198 b)</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The Committee of the Regions shall elect its chairman and officers from among its members for a term of two years.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">It shall adopt its <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Parliamentary procedure">Rules of Procedure</a>.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The Committee shall be convened by its chairman at the request of the Council or of the Commission. It may also meet on its own initiative,</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">ARTICLE 265 (ex Article 198 c)</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The Committee of the Regions shall be consulted by the Council or by the Commission where this Treaty so provides and in all other cases, in particular those which concern cross-border co-operation, in which one of these two institutions considers it appropriate.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The Council or the Commission shall, if it considers it necessary, set the Committee, for the submission of its opinion, a time-limit which may not be less than one month from the date on which the chairman receives notification to this effect. Upon expiry of the time-limit, absence of an opinion shall not prevent further action.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Where the Economic and Social Committee is consulted pursuant to Article 262, the Committee of the Regions shall be informed by the Council or the Commission of the request for an opinion. Where it considers that specific regional interests are involved, the Committee of the Regions may issue an opinion on the matter.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The Committee of the Regions may be consulted by the European Parliament.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">It may issue an opinion on its own initiative in cases in which it considers such action appropriate.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The opinion of the Committee, together with a record of the proceedings, shall be forwarded to the Council and to the Commission.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">In short that pretentious load of Eurospeak boils down to Wales will have no authority, no say, no representation & there will be 444 extra representatives to pay for in Europe. Plus, of course, all their staff and all their expenses - but no more democracy and no more control over the un elected dictator committee – the European Commissioners.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Let us look at what it means point by point:</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The United Kingdom will have 24 members with 24 alternates on a Committee with 222 members and 444 members and alternates in total. </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The Member State [in our case the United Kingdom] shall propose members, thus Wales has no representation enshrined in European law. These proposals must be unanimously approved by the Council (of Europe). Thus every United Kingdom member could be proposed from one region. </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">If the Council approves the proposal, the Council can renew their term of office. </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Nowhere herein does it say that members represent a region [viz. Wales], in fact it expressly states that they shall not have a mandate or be bound by instruction. </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Members are not elected, they are proposed by Westminster and appointed by the Council & their loyalty must be to Europe ‘..performance of their duties, in the general interest of the Community’. </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">‘It shall adopt its own Rules of Procedure.’ = It shall become a law unto itself? </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The entirety of Article 265 says nothing other than the Committee shall have freedom of speech. The implication being that citizens of the new State of Europe do not have freedom of speech. </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">There is no undertaking that the Committee has to be consulted, nor that anything it says has to be listened to. Therefore since it has no authority, no area of jurisdiction and no responsibility it has no reason to exist. Just another costly waffle shop! </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Let us assume that what was the United Kingdom decides to give two memberships on this new Committee and two alternates to each of the twelve economic regions, in the British economic subsidiary region of Europe. Wales would then have two votes, in isolation, out of 222 votes on the Committee of the Regions, less than 1% influence. To add insult to injury <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a> representing Wales are outnumbered 100 to 1 in the European Parliament, less than 1% influence again. This is what being master of ones own destiny and having an Assembly for Wales means for the people of Wales and every other, of the 12, economic regions in Britain.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">There are some, I am sure, who honestly believe that an Assembly for Wales is a good idea for Wales. Some will welcome the removal of benevolent control, albeit sometimes misguided, from Westminster – surely they can not welcome direct rule by the un elected dictator committee that rules Europe, the European Commissioners. <br />
<br />
Some may feel that two more tiers of Government will help Wales, I can not for the life of me see how – the more tiers of Government the further from the electorate are decision!</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">If you require further assistance or information, for the defence of Britain, please do not hesitate to contact us:</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Greg Lance – Watkins,</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The Welsh Assembly,</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">C/o Glance Back Books,</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">17 Upper Church Street,</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">CHEPSTOW,</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">NP16 5EX</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Monmouthshire</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Tel: <strike>01291 – 626562</strike> NOW: 01594 - 528 337<strike><br />
</strike></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><strike>Fax: 01291 – 628787</strike></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">e-mail: <strike>Greg@GlanceBack.demon.co.uk</strike> </div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">NOW: Greg_L-W@BTconnect.com</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) </span></b> <br />
<div></div><br />
Regards, Greg L-W. <b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
<br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-related"><h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0pt;">Related articles</h6><ul class="zemanta-article-ul"><li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/2011/12/0714-eu-membership-economic.html" target="_blank">#0714* - EU Membership (Economic Implications) Bill [HL] Committee</a> (ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w-documents.blogspot.com/2011/08/gd041-enoch-powell-example-genius-for.html" target="_blank">#GD041* - Enoch POWELL An Example & Genius for US ALL</a> (gl-w-documents.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/2011/10/g0616-as-polishscot-could-he-be.html" target="_blank">#G0616* - As A Polish/Scot Could he be protecting his pension!</a> (gl-w.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/2011/08/g0605-god-bothering-in-perspective-pat.html" target="_blank">#G0605* - God Bothering In Perspective - Pat Condell</a> (gl-w.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/2011/09/g0607-libya-few-things-are-as-they-seem.html" target="_blank">#G0607* - LIBYA - Few Things Are As They Seem!</a> (gl-w.blogspot.com)</li>
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<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/2011/12/0711-ex-ukip-tory-mep-david-bannerman.html" target="_blank">#0711* - Ex UKIP Tory MEP David Bannerman has an obvious recruit!</a> (ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/2011/09/g0613-mr-brown-went-to-town-lost-us.html" target="_blank">#G0613* - Mr. Brown Went to Town & LOST US A FORTUNE!</a> (gl-w.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/2011/08/g0606-roger-helmers-blog-shows-he-is.html" target="_blank">#G0606* - Roger HELMER'S Blog Shows He Is Bereft of Support!</a> (gl-w.blogspot.com)</li>
</ul></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_a.png?x-id=6a513e28-b07e-4084-abbb-b358fc6ab883" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-5878233753182128152011-09-19T03:38:00.000+01:002011-09-19T03:38:09.563+01:00#GD042* - BILDERBERG MEETING #03 - 1955<span style="font-size: small;">#GD042* - BILDERBERG MEETING #03 - 1955 </span><b><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
</span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">BILDERBERG GROUP GARMISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN CONFERENCE </span></b><span style="font-size: 130%;">23-25 September 1955 </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-size: small;">INTRODUCTION The third <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Conference</a> was held at <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> in Germany from 23 to 25 September, 1955, under the chairmanship of H.R.H. The Prince of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=52.3166666667,5.55&spn=10.0,10.0&q=52.3166666667,5.55%20%28Netherlands%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. It will be recalled that previous conferences of the same kind were held at Bilderberg in Holland in May, 1954, and at Barbizon in France in March, 1955. The purpose of this series of conferences is to reach the highest possible denominator of mutual understanding between the countries of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.1666666667,-100.166666667&spn=1.0,1.0&q=48.1666666667,-100.166666667%20%28North%20America%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="North America">North America</a> and so to work for the removal of causes of friction, to study those fields where action may be necessary to prevent friction from arising in the future and to examine the general areas in which agreement may be sought. To this end it was thought desirable to bring together a group of men of ex-perience, outstanding qualities and influence from different countries of the Western world in an atmosphere of mutual confidence and personal friendship which would admit of free and frank discussion. It is not the purpose of the Bilderberg series of conferences to construct policy. Participants include statesmen and diplomatists; trades unionists, intellectuals, business and professional men. They speak as individuals and not as representatives of their respective countries or the political parties, associations, or organizations to which they may belong. All, however, share a high purpose and a clear recognition of the urgency of the situation. It was a conclusion of the first Bilderberg Conference that for historical reasons, together with many factors which were the ingredients of the present political, economic, and social situation, there would always be differences of opinion between the countries of Western Europe and those of North America, and in fact between any two countries in the world. Divergencies of view are not in themselves deplorable, and indeed, they are the quintessence of democratic life. Nevertheless, it is a matter of the utmost urgency that the will and the means should exist for finding a common basis on which to build our future. At the second conference, held in Barbizon this year, subjects were chosen for the agenda which were bound to be controversial to a certain extent, but the discussion of which could clarify the situation, and in some cases could be followed up in the future. The problem of the uncommitted peoples was discussed and the general question of communist infiltration and propaganda, together with the approach of the Western European and North American countries to this question. It was felt that there must grow up not only a better understanding between the countries of the Western alliance but a closer contact and better understanding with the Asian and African countries, to many of which belong the so-called uncommitted peoples of the world. There was a strong current of opinion also that there might be great value in arranging a subsequent meeting between leaders of the mind and spirit of the East and West in an atmosphere similar to that of the Bilderberg series of conferences. It was also generally agreed that too little was being done to counteract the unceasing and insidious encroachment of communist propaganda. The participants agreed that whenever they had the opportunity they would try to further those ideas and suggestions which had found general agreement at the two previous meetings, by making whatever use might be possible of the press and other contacts with public opinion. It is believed also that in the wide and important field presented by the European- American Associations much could be done towards creating the friendly atmosphere needed for the growth of the highest degree of co-operation. It will be seen from the list of participants that the Garmisch Conference was attended by men from thirteen different countries. The subjects discussed were: I. Review of events since the Barbizon Conference. II. Article 2 of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=50.8761555556,4.42201111111&spn=0.01,0.01&q=50.8761555556,4.42201111111%20%28NATO%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>. III. The political and strategic aspects of atomic energy. IV. The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="German reunification">reunification of Germany</a>. V. European unity. VI. The industrial aspects of atomic energy. VII. Economic problems: <br />
(a) East-West trade <br />
(b) The political aspects of convertibility <br />
(c) Expansion of international trade. In order to allow participants to speak with perfect frankness and in the knowledge that their words would not be read outside the conference circle, the Chairman asked for the utmost discretion. The press, as at the previous conferences, was not admitted, and this document should be treated as strictly confidential and for the personal use of the recipient only. A press statement, released at Garmisch-Partenkirchen on 26 September, 1955, is reproduced in the Appendix to this report. SUMMARY OF CONSENSUS OF OPINION AT THE CONFERENCE A. The changes in internal characteristics and external behaviour of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Soviet Union">Soviet regime</a>. The group noted that during the last year or two there have been significant changes both in the internal characteristics and the external behaviour of the Soviet regime. These changes are such as to deserve the considered attention of the Western peoples, and give some grounds for hope that the problem of Soviet Russian power and ideology will not be necessarily over the long term what we have known it to be in the past. Nevertheless, they have not yet led to any alterations in the Soviet position on major issues that could warrant in the slightest degree any modifications in the military posture of the Western countries as embodied in the policies and arrangements of NATO, or in their efforts to strengthen the free world politically and economically. Nor can there be any relaxation of vigilance in the face of other devices directed against the unity and the inner strength of the free world. On the contrary, it is obvious that if the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Western world">Western powers</a> should permit themselves to be led into a premature relaxation of their defence effort, or into a slackened pursuit of their political and economic goals, this might very well give rise to renewed false hopes and miscalculations on the Soviet side which could undo even those slender elements of hope and encouragement implicit in the present situation. On the other hand, there is also the opposite danger of needlessly rebuffing Soviet moves which may offer an opportunity for the establishment of a better atmosphere in internal relations and of inflicting on the peoples of the free world a discouragement greater than circumstances would warrant. It must be made clear to the Russians that every positive move on their part towards an improvement of relations with the' free world will meet with an appropriate response. In the coming period, Western policy will have to bear in mind constantly these two preoccupations. An undue emphasis on either of them can be distinctly dangerous. A carefully selected blend of unshakeable firmness and willingness to put forward and seriously to examine suggestions affords prospects that warrant reasonable optimism as to the possibility of preserving peace without jeopardy to the security of the free nations. B. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization During a broad discussion, the different aspects of the role of NATO were examined: <br />
1 The need for maintaining and even increasing the effectiveness of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=0.0,-30.0&spn=0.1,0.1&q=0.0,-30.0%20%28Atlantic%20Ocean%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> Pact on all levels was recognized, for on the vigour of the Atlantic Pact depend largely the chances of negotiation and peace. <br />
2 The military effort must be continued and maintained to the point necessary to prevent all temptation to resort to violence. <br />
3 Emphasis was laid upon the importance of the Atlantic Community strengthening itself by making use of all facilities, including those offered by the Pact, for economic, social, and psychological co-operation. C. The Political and Strategic Aspects of Atomic Energy The group discussed the impact of atomic energy on the political and defence o f the free countries of the West. No agreement was reached as to any method by which atomic warfare could be limited without surrendering the freedom of action of the Western countries to defend themselves but it was generally felt that their defensive arrangements are already based on the use of the minimum atomic or nuclear force necessary. If the devastating effect of nuclear war acted as a deterrent to aggressive action and made war less likely it followed that the struggle on the ideological front would become more intense. The West must prepare itself for this development by increasing in every way the vitality of its society. D The Reunification of Germany There was general agreement within the group as to the urgency of this problem as expressed by many speakers. There could be no real security in Europe until the reunification of Germany had been achieved on a basis of real freedom. In discussing the Soviet's interest in German reunification there was a general feeling that the Soviet was not so much interested in the reunification of Germany as in the terms which she could get for it. It appeared that her object was still to use reunification as a central device to detach Western Germany from the Western security organization and eventually to absorb her into the Soviet satellite system. Some participants expressed the view that the Soviet had a fear of what she called capitalist encirclement and eventual attack by the Western powers. Whether this fear was real or false, the West should not abandon the hope of a possible successful approach by means of a security arrangement which would not endanger NATO or impair German freedom. There was a general consensus of opinion that in these circumstances great caution and great patience were needed in any approach to the solution of this important problem. E. European Unity The discussion on this subject revealed general support for the idea of European integration and unification among the participants from the six countries of the European Coal and Steel Community, and a recognition of the urgency of the problem. While members of the group held different views as to the method by which a common market could be set up, there was a general recognition of the dangers inherent in the present divided markets of Europe and the pressing need to bring the German people, together with the other peoples of Europe, into a common market. That the six countries of the Coal and Steel Community had definitely decided to establish a common market and that experts were now working this out was felt to be a most encouraging step forward and it was hoped that other countries would subsequently join it. The need was generally accepted to press forward with functional integration in the economic domain particularly with regard to the industrial utilization of atomic energy. It was generally recognized that it is our common responsibility to arrive in the shortest possible time at the highest degree of integration, beginning with a common European market. It was also generally agreed that the tariff walls surrounding this common market should certainly not be higher and should possibly be lower than the average of the existing tariffs now applied by the individual countries concerned. F. The Industrial Aspects of Atomic Energy During this discussion a consensus of opinion manifested itself in certain points. <br />
1 The future of the human race is bound up with the development of nuclear energy. <br />
2 The cost of research, development, installation, and the training of large numbers of specialists is very high. Thus the developmental expense which must be put into what might be called the first and second generations of reactors meant that economic justification would come after this. Nevertheless in the next few years this problem can be expected to be solved. <br />
3 As a result of the high cost it is of vital importance that Europe should combine her resources, since the cost per capita in any single country would be far greater than that in the United States with its larger population and resources. <br />
4 The opportunity to initiate joint action in Europe should be seized before atomic development has been crystallized along national lines and at a time when vested interests have not yet established the obstacles which may make co-operative action more difficult, if not impossible, in a few years' time. <br />
5 The opportunity to develop this new source of energy is an opportunity to increase productive output and is directly connected with the establishment of a common European market. Around it can be built, if the opportunity is not lost, a new aspect and a new hope for the unification of Europe. <br />
6 The quickest possible steps should be taken towards the integration of Europe in respect to the industrial use of atomic energy, and joint planning, training and research should be started as soon as possible. The possibility of extending this particular form of integration to other than European countries was also emphasized. I. REVIEW OF EVENTS SINCE THE BARBIZON CONFERENCE A European rapporteur surveyed the international events of the past six months. There had been a political evolution which might be called sensational; the conclusion of the Austrian Treaty, the visit of Bulganin and Khrushchev to Yugoslavia, the Summit Conference in Geneva, and lastly, the Atomic Conference in Geneva. The question was whether this was illusion or reality. There seemed to be no serious reason to believe that the communist leaders had become less communist and therefore the changes in Soviet foreign policy were only tactical changes. Perhaps we were entering into a new "Litvinov" period. There seemed to be a parallel in the situation today according to what the Soviet leaders had themselves told us. Their statements indicated that there was a serious crisis in Soviet agriculture and in the productivity of Soviet industry, and there was an undoubted political crisis as a result of the adjustments made after Stalin's death. There was a tendency in the West to say "In spite of threats and Soviet actions we have set up the Western European Union and this has brought the Russians to the negotiating table." Was this really true? Or was it that Russia, having been unable to prevent the ratification of the Western European Union, was trying to prevent its implementation and aiming at neutralizing NATO? Russia could be likened to malaria. It was wrong to believe oneself dead when the fever was high and even more wrong to believe oneself cured when the attack was over. It was necessary to use the period when the fever subsided to take a cure and build up resistance against the next attack and this should indicate the action which we should take to meet the new turn in Soviet policy. The cold war, as we had known it, had been a trench war, whereas the new conflict, called co-existence, was a war of movement. The change over from a trench war to a war of movement had often resulted in serious military disasters and we should be very careful lest this transition also caused disasters in the political field. There were serious dangers in the new diplomacy by television rather than by negotiation and it was of great importance that we should not lower our guard. While we all sincerely hoped that the Russians really wanted peace, we must never forget that they may only wish to disrupt the military and political organization of the Western world and that they will try to exploit all the difficulties which may arise between Europe and America. It was significant that Khruschev himself, speaking recently in Moscow, had said that the Russians always spoke the truth to their friends as well as to their adversaries. They were in favour of the relaxation of tension but if anyone thought that, to achieve it, they were going to forget about Marx, Lenin and Engels, he would be wrong. This was as likely to happen as it was for Easter to fall on a Tuesday. They were for co-existence because both capitalism and socialism exist in the world, but they would always stand for the construction of socialism. They did not believe that war was necessary for that, since peaceful emulation would suffice. An American participant next described the current trend of United States affairs and policies affecting Europe. Since Barbizon the United States had gone through a period of relative tranquillity in its public opinion which had been remarkably quiet on foreign policy matters and a mood of moderation prevailed. The Austrian settlement and the Geneva talks on atomic energy had been well received and the misgivings with which the Summit Conference had first been viewed had given way in the end to satisfaction that some good might have been achieved. The speaker agreed, however, that great caution was necessary. The United States was also entering its quadrennial fever of presidential elections, a fact which could not but complicate to some extent United States foreign policy arrangements. With regard to diplomacy by television which had been mentioned by the first speaker, he felt that we should note that United States foreign policy would continue to be subject to a vigorous and interested public discussion, since a government in his country could not expect to follow an important policy over a considerable period of time without full discussion, full understanding and support by a large proportion of the population. The speaker mentioned two long-range issues of great importance. The first was the meaning of the new Soviet diplomacy and its effect upon the solidarity of the free world. Radically different assumptions about Soviet policy might lead us into dangerously divergent paths. We must seek the proper balance between vigilance and strength on the one hand, and willingness to negotiate and settle specific issues as steps towards reducing tension on the other. Would our essential Western unity melt under the new Soviet sun and our inevitable differences loom larger? What would our attitude now be towards the fate of our friends in the Soviet satellites ? Would we be wise and sophisticated in the more difficult competition in non-military fields and determined in sustaining the economic and other burdens of this competition? We need a common view, common strategy and common determination since communism would become more seductive if it were to modify its two most repelling aspects of ruthless totalitarianism and armed aggression, and would present us with an even more serious problem than in the past. The second issue, or set of issues, which might divide and weaken us arose in the Pacific. The United States was orientated towards two oceans and concerned about Pacific security only slightly less than Atlantic security. This was why Americans were exercised about the problem of Japan earning a living in the world in which she finds herself and were disappointed at the reservations which accompanied the admission of Japan to the GATT agreements. And then there was the problem of China. Here we were confronted by a problem which was far more than a technical question of credentials and recognition, and the China question could seriously affect our total relationship unless we could find a basis of agreement among ourselves. A Canadian speaker could not find very much in Canadian opinion which differed from that described by his American colleague. Technically and diplomatically the United States and Canada were in the same position but opinion in the latter country had been increasingly worried about the realism and wisdom of non-recognition of China and that was an anxiety shared by all political parties. Another United States speaker felt that it was important to recognize that the major differences that had existed between Russia and the Western countries since the recent war did not arise basically from the ideological disparity between the two systems, although that was important, or even from the personality and methods of Stalin himself, but rather from the fact that the destruction temporarily of the power of Germany and Japan left great political and military voids in the world and there was no agreement in 1945 between the major powers on the Western side, on the one hand, and Russia on the other, as to how these voids should be filled. Internal conditions in Russia could change. There could be a strong subjective reaction, as the speaker thought there had been, among Soviet officialdom against the many manifestations of Stalinism, and there could be a changed outward direction of approach to the Western world. All this did not alter the nature of Soviet political interests vis-a-vis Europe as they had emerged from World War II. There were more encouraging long-term factors. A parallel had been drawn between the present period and the Litvinov period of the late 'twenties and early 'thirties and in many respects it had been well drawn. But there was something that was significantly different. Firstly in the late 'twenties and early 'thirties Russia was only entering upon the period of extreme nightmarish terrorism that endured for twenty years, from 1933 to 1953. Today she is emerging from that period, and from the speaker's own observations there had been a feeling of acute horror and revulsion in almost all ranks of the Soviet system of officialdom right up to the very top. Even the Soviet Olympus today seemed to be united primarily by the slogan "No return to the extremities and horrors of Stalinism". This, of course, implies a transition to something else and what that something else is we do not yet know. Perhaps the Russians themselves do not know and for that reason they might be facing something in the nature of a new constitutional crisis. Secondly, there was the state of mind of what might be called the Soviet cultural and scientific elements, a body of people far more numerous and important today than they were in the late 'twenties. At that time there was a great stir of real ideological enthusiasm among these people while today their minds were dominated by something which might be described as political apathy and a burning desire for world contacts, appreciation, and the opening of a window to the Western world. These forces were the more powerful for the reason that they began to grow up under Stalin but were repressed under him and had now come out with redoubled force. That might affect both the internal nature of the Soviet system and the entire tenor of its relations with the outside world. It might be said that nothing had changed but the manners of Soviet diplomacy but we should not underrate the importance of manners on the final results achieved in life. they might be faced in the near future. NATO had imposed upon itself the rule that it would not use forces greater than were necessary to accomplish its tasks. A European participant commented on the fact that the Western world had largely been occupied during the last few years with defensive measures. While this might be true as far as military questions were concerned, it was not true that the initiative had been surrendered, since NATO itself and the development of its institutional strength amounted to seizing the initiative. But now the Russians, by launching their campaign of charm, had again seized the initiative. They had been forced to launch their new campaign as a result of NATO and of Western co-operation and we were moving from the cold war to the hot peace. Article 2 might provide a method by which we could regain the initiative, and this was a matter which might well be discussed here. There was a body of opinion which held that NATO could not undertake the kind of development on the spiritual side that was required in Europe, and that the member countries themselves must do this. NATO had in any case a most inadequate budget for this purpose. One of the functions of the Bilderberg Group, therefore, might be to help to create a realization, through members in their own countries, that NATO has a mission which is a mission of peace as well as of defence. Much good had been done in this direction by the references to NATO by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands when she opened her Parliament recently. It had to be remembered that the Russians were spending a billion dollars at least on propaganda, and in fact spent more money in jamming our propaganda programmes than the free world spends on its own propaganda. It was felt that most effective propaganda could be developed from the human experience of NATO which could be used to familiarize people with the kind of co-operation that NATO represented. There was, for instance, a monthly magazine published by NATO, but more than this was required. A British participant felt that the recent NATO meeting of parliamentarians of its member countries had not been as strikingly successful as it should have been and that NATO had not identified itself sufficiently with the conference. He felt that more than this was required. Possibly some parliamentary group might be conceived in connection with the NATO organization which could meet each year and serve as a means of education and propaganda for the NATO effort. Another speaker felt that the question was not so much one of propaganda but one of what NATO itself could do to inspire people and prepare them psychologically for the use of nuclear weapons should this become necessary for their defence. While the United States had done so much to pool its military resources through the NATO mechanism little had been done to pool its political and economic resources in the same manner and the question was asked how far would the United States be willing to go in this direction. The more that atomic weapons were developed the more it might be possible that they would not be used and this gave even greater emphasis to the importance of conventional weapons and of the spirit of the Western people. It would be of great use if NATO officials could bring pressure on their governments to prepare young people in their respective countries for the task which they would have to face as members of the armed forces of NATO. Other participants were more concerned with the hard core of military reality, which was the real responsibility of NATO, than with the economic and political aspects provided by Article 2. Some nations were displaying tendencies to reduce the military resources which they were making available through NATO, and it was essential that these tendencies should be checked. It might be regarded as a military duty for the free nations to engage in mutual discussions before taking unilateral action. It was also pointed out, as an objection to the further implementation of Article 2, that there was not an identity of membership between NATO and other European organizations in the economic field. It was further contended that for NATO to attempt to consider controversial economic matters might endanger that complete agreement among its members which existed in the military field. III. THE POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF ATOMIC ENERGY The Conference discussed the issues which arose from papers on this subject prepared by United States and European participants. The trends in recent years towards the increase in the power of atomic weapons, their speed and range of delivery, were emphasized by most speakers, together with the fact that the West had now lost its atomic monopoly. Doubts were expressed, however, as to whether there could be such a thing as an atomic stalemate since, as both sides developed the means of delivering an atomic attack, the emphasis shifted to geographical considerations of target location and dispersal, base location and dispersal, and factors such as the maintenance and turn-round of aircraft and other weapons. Moreover, if the countries of the West maintained their unity of alliance they had a definite advantage over the communist world and might be able to look forward to a long-term maintenance of superiority in the atomic field. It should be possible, therefore, to build up a defensive system giving some degree of protection against the possibilities of a decisive surprise attack, and making atomic aggression extremely expensive to the aggressor. In any case, it would be necessary to build up such a defence and to preserve it. Another speaker recalled the previous discussion in which it had been pointed out that we were now entering into a period of hot peace and that as the fronts were moving closer the ideological war would become more tense in all non-military, and particularly in the social and economic, fields. He feared that we were not sufficiently prepared for this new trend of events. It was equally dangerous to replace the argument of military strength by the argument that communism, as shown by recent changes in Soviet policy, would change. The important point would now be to get vitality into our society. A strong argument was put forward by a British participant in favour of a policy of graduated deterrence, by which the West would make a declaration that in the event of its being attacked, it would not use the hydrogen bomb at all unless it were first used by the enemy, nor would it attack centres of civilian population outside a specific battle area unless, again, the enemy did so first. It was claimed that such a policy would make a total thermo-nuclear war very much less likely, since it was in the interests of both sides to avoid the destruction of their cities; this would become particularly relevant as the Soviet became able to strike the cities of the United States. Massive retaliation therefore had become far too drastic to be justified, and was in fact no longer necessary. On the other hand, the clear warning that atomic weapons would be used to repel any aggression would decrease the possibilities of war breaking out, and enhance the security of the "grey" areas in which the Soviet might think that the United States or her allies would not be prepared to commit themselves, at the same time providing the necessary counter-balance to communist superiority in manpower. Since the West would be dependent on the use of its large ports in the case of Soviet aggression, a great advantage should be gained from the adoption of such a policy. It was realized that the chief difficulty would be that of establishing distinctions in nuclear weapons and targets which would not break down in war, but that this disadvantage was outweighed by the moral, political, military, and economic advantages. It was not possible to reach any basis of agreement on this proposal. There was, however, a general feeling that the West had already adopted a policy which was close to that of graduated deterrence in that it was unlikely to use more atomic force than was absolutely necessary. Many speakers emphasized the danger of limiting freedom of action in the face of aggression by making any previous announcement or promise which, in the event of dire emergency, it might not be possible to fulfil and which might in fact prove to be an invitation to aggression. It was not in the interests of the West that there should be a general atomic war, and if war did come atomic weapons should be restricted to the minimum use in the minimum geographic area wherever possible, while still achieving the objectives for which we would be fighting. Meanwhile, it was absolutely necessary that the West should maintain, and increase, its strength, that NATO should be given all the assistance possible to this end and that the free institutions of the West should be strengthened and made more vital in order to meet changing conditions. IV. THE REUNIFICATION OF GERMANY Discussion of this subject was marked by a very understandable sense of urgency, expressed by the German speakers in particular, for some solution which would bring about unification. Apart from the natural feelings of the German people, there was a feeling clearly expressed on the German side that there could be no lasting peace in Europe while this problem remained unsolved and that the time factor in solving it was one of very considerable importance. Meanwhile the totalitarian upbringing of the younger generation in the Eastern zone would seem to be going forward and communist ideas were gradually permeating the lives of the people. To this must be added the reaction of the German people themselves and the feeling that a divided Germany could not be allowed to crystallize into a permanent conception. Against the background of the evaluation of the problem there was the question of what the Russians might gain from reunification. Russia had a considerable interest in obtaining economic help and recent visitors to Russia had emphasized that this was particularly true in connection with the responsibilities which the Soviet Union had assumed towards the industrialization of China in order to avoid being faced on the East by an eventually inimical China and on the West by the enemy represented by the free world. There was also the desire of the Russians to effect some kind of security arrangement arising from a fear, which may or may not be a real one, that there might some day be an attack against her by the Western capitalist powers. German speakers made it clear that the Soviet would hope to use reunification as a central device to detach Western Germany from the Western security arrangements which already exist; then there was the Russian interest in maintaining an Eastern German government which would recognize the Oder-Neisse line. There was the Marxist belief in the ultimate collapse of the West and that certainly affected the Russian time-table. The discussion brought out the interest of Russia's long-term policy in the maintenance of the Oder-Neisse line and the retention of part of German territory within the Polish border. From the communist viewpoint, moreover, the turnover to the West of a former communist state would have a most unfortunate effect on the other satellites. In evaluating the possibilities of reunification the main differences were differences of emphasis. There was a feeling on the part of some participants that it might be possible to work out a pattern for reunification, not within the framework of the Paris agreements, but within the framework of a Germany closely tied to the West if the West were willing to pay the price of an overall security arrangement and were willing to provide economic assistance. An American participant discussed the probable course of Soviet policy and indicated that in his judgement the greatest diplomatic thrust would be directed by the Soviet towards Bonn and not towards the Western powers and that they would no doubt use their position in Berlin to give them additional bargaining power. Another American speaker suggested that the United States' attitude up to the present had been to avoid confusing the reunification issue with the security problem and to keep reunification well to the forefront. A French speaker held the view that his country's policy would certainly, although not altogether happily, support proposals on reunification made by the Western powers and, though it would be unlikely to give active support to a policy of negotiation for reunification, it would offer no active resistance. There was some support for the suggestion, emphasized by a United States speaker, that the possibilities of reunification would be greatly enhanced if they could be thought out in terms of some larger, perhaps global, settlement. A British speaker raised the question as to whether this global settlement might have as one of its elements the possibility of mutual disengagement of the opposing forces in Europe. This would have to include not only the liberation of the Soviet zone of Germany but also the general detachment of the satellite countries from their present dependence on the Soviet, secured by free elections, before it could be accepted by the West. A German speaker, and indeed almost every German speaker on this question, emphasized the need of reunification and the fact that peace in Europe could not be achieved without it. He gave very strong assurances to his partners in the Western alliance that whatever would be done by Germany would be done not merely in consultation but in agreement. He stressed again the importance of the time element and the problem which arose from the need to blend patience with initiative whilst satisfying an impatient public opinion. Finally he made it clear that the question of reunification was based on the assumption that a price could be found which the Russians might be willing to accept at some point in the future, and under some conditions, so that reunification would become a possibility. He underlined the very important fact that Bonn would take no step to recognize the East German government and that the present German government would not take any action which would amount to giving up the Paris agreements and the arrangements made with NATO. The implication that Western Germany's connection with NATO could be used as a card for bargaining purposes caused some concern but the speaker cleared up this point by giving further assurances that it was certainly not the intention of Bonn to sever the NATO connection. A French speaker threw into relief the relation of European integration to the problem of German reunification, and another German speaker stated his conviction that the greatest matter of interest to the Soviet union would be some effective security arrangement, since he agreed with earlier speakers that there was a genuine fear in the Soviet Union of capitalist encirclement which was a constant topic of conversation in Moscow. The significance of the discussion, however, lay in the fact that there were no very clear areas of disagreement; while some were implied and some perhaps not wholly cleared up, all speakers had shown their awareness of the urgent need to achieve the reunification of Germany on terms which would not endanger the freedom of the Western world. V. EUROPEAN UNITY The discussion affirmed complete support for the idea of integration and unification from the representatives of all the six nations of the Coal and Steel Community present at the conference. There was an assurance that the failure of the E.D.C., while perhaps interrupting the momentum of the movement towards integration, had by no means stopped it, and an expression of determination to carry out integration as representing the best means of assuring peace and permanent prosperity for Europe and the world. There were differing views as to the steps which should be taken and the forms through which integration should be achieved, and some expression by certain European participants of the view that in the economic field it might be better to proceed through the development of a common market by treaty rather than by the creation of new high authorities which would exercise jurisdiction over specific economic sectors. On the other hand some speakers took the other view, indicating that the creation of some form of high authority was essential to achieve a common market. A European speaker expressed concern about the need to achieve a common currency, and indicated that in his view this necessarily implied the creation of a central political authority. A participant, speaking as a German industrialist, said that, having fought for integration before, German industry was still determined to pursue the same purpose, but he expressed considerable doubt as to the functional approach to integration by moving from one economic sector to another. In his view, the common problems of differences in labour standards and currencies and the various elements entering into the common market must be brought nearer to parity as a condition of further progress. Another speaker urged that the various states which were to constitute the future Europe should henceforth encourage by all possible means the setting up of medium sized European societies where individuals of different nations could pool their ideas,- work together, and learn from their mistakes. From the general discussion on this subject it was evident that there was a lingering anxiety in some quarters as to the possible German attitude in the next generation, or in so many years. There were also economic reasons behind this anxiety. The prosperity of today could not be counted upon to continue indefinitely and without crises. The position of 50 million people in Germany in the world market must, therefore, be considered. The United States had high tariffs; the Commonwealth had preferential rights; l'Union Francaise had the same thing; and there was Japanese competition stimulated by lower social conditions. Thus it was necessary to bring the German people into a common European market as quickly as possible and it was here that the great danger of the future lay if there were no United Europe. German speakers pointed out that there was no large communist party in Western Germany and no extreme right wing. These things had been eliminated not by police measures but by the vote. There was far less nationalism in the schools and universities than ever before. Germans were certainly aware of the fact that they could not even preserve the freedom of Western Germany without the assistance and co-operation of the Western powers and would therefore voluntarily join any alliance or organization of the West designed to strengthen the freedom of Western Germany and which at the same time held out the hope of extending that freedom to the whole of Germany. A United States participant confirmed that the United States had not weakened in its enthusiastic support for the idea of integration, although there was considerable diffidence in America as to how this enthusiasm should be manifested. Another United States participant urged his European friends to go ahead with the unification of Europe with less emphasis upon ideological considerations and, above all, to be practical and work fast. Throughout the discussion there was considerable emphasis on atomic energy as forming, perhaps, the most hopeful area in which integration could proceed, the point being made that the peaceful industrial development of atomic energy requires resources of man-power, scientific "know how", and materials which may be beyond the resources of the individual European countries. While a United Kingdom speaker had expressed the inclination of Britain not to participate in general integration, he suggested that the British, too, might be willing to see some form of division of effort in the area of atomic research. One of the reasons for the application of the principle of unification and integration to atomic energy was the fact that in the atomic field there were not the same vested interests that affect attempts to integrate other economic activities. VI. THE INDUSTRIAL ASPECTS OF ATOMIC ENERGY This subject was introduced by a United States rapporteur on the basis of a paper previously circulated. The speaker discussed the matter of sources of energy and the methods by which they are utilized for the generation of electric power and other energy requirements, recalling that the progress of the human race had been largely dependent upon the utilization of energy. The great conventional sources of energy, upon which modern civilization was dependent, were not evenly distributed throughout the world in accordance with the distribution of populations and their use was greater in industrially highly developed countries than in the under-developed countries. Nor were these resources of conventional fuel inexhaustible; on the other hand requirements, particularly of electric power, were expanding at a rate which was doubling itself every ten years. Hydraulic resources in Europe would all be fully developed in a few years, conventional sources of fuel were having to be supplemented by shipments oi fuel from other parts of the world and power plants which had been using solid fuels were being converted back to the use of liquid fuels. The problem was how to develop the use of the new type of fuel, with its vastly superior potential of energy, in a way that would make it competitive and economic, and how it could be fitted into the economy not only of a developed country but of an under-developed one. The speaker discussed various types of reactor and the four main channels of development which had to be kept in focus. First there was the technical and engineering accomplishment by which energy was released and transformed into electric or other power; secondly, there was the commercial and economic aspect by which the engineering achievement was accomplished on a sound economic basis; thirdly, the legal and governmental aspects covering such problems as liability, health and safety, security, and inter-governmental relations; and fourthly came the management of the overall accomplishment, the extent to which the government moves forward and the extent to which private capital moves into the field. In the United States the Atomic Energy Commission had recently accepted an offer by private industry to organize a non-profit making corporation to finance and construct, own and operate a fast neutron breeder reactor, under licence from the Com mission. This corporation would be dedicated to research and development in the use of nuclear fuels and the results made known to the Commission and to others as directed by the Commission. Discussion brought out the heavy developmental expense that went into what might be called the first generation of reactors and probably into the second. Economic success had to be looked for in subsequent generations. Economic reactors at this stage were likely to be large reactors and therefore those countries which were the most highly developed would benefit from atomic energy earliest and to the greatest extent. Transmission lines could, however, be used to bring about a better balance between sources of energy and the areas of its utilization. The matter of educated and experienced man-power was extremely important, and in the U.S.A. during the next ten years it would probably be necessary for 10,000 or 20,000 new people to be educated and given experience. During the next ten or fifteen years it was believed that the answer would be found to the problem of the economic production of atomic energy and that development would come more quickly than might be thought because everywhere the human mind was being focused on it. A United States speaker emphasized the influence of energy on productivity, or output per man hour. In 1948 the output per man hour in the U.S.A. was about two-and-a-half times that of Europe and the amount of non-human energy available to the industrial worker of Europe was 40 per cent of that behind the worker in the U.S.A. The European nations should, therefore, take every step necessary to advance as rapidly in the use of this spectacular form of non-human energy as the United States. Here and now was the specific opportunity for the European nations to pool their resources. If nationalism wrere allowed to creep into this situation and each country were to work on its own, Europe would lag far behind the United States. If, on the other hand, it would pool its brain power and resources it could, over the next fifty years, write a history entirely different from the history of Europe during the past half century. Europe must not only work together but must not fail to put non-human energy behind human energy. The implications of the use of atomic energy in the development of the under-developed areas were discussed, particularly where other fuel sources were inaccessible but where atomic fuel might provide an economic source of energy because the transport element of cost was insignificant. This was felt to be a matter of the economics of each case. It might be justifiable to use conventional fuels, transporting them to the point of utilization, rather than to use atomic fuels. To the cost of atomic fuel must be added other expenses such as the removal of the by-products and reprocessing which would render it less economic than the conventional sources of energy. In the utilization of electric energy, moreover, a far greater investment in its utilization is needed than in its production. A Netherlands speaker voiced what was clearly a strong current of opinion when he urged the need to initiate international European action without delay. Two basic elements had evolved from the problem before the group; firstly, that the future of the human race was bound up with the development of nuclear energy and, secondly, the high cost of research, development, and installation, together with the necessary training of numerous specialists. In any European country this cost would be infinitely greater per head than in the United States with its much larger population. Nor would the man-power be available for training the larger number of technicians needed. The only attitude which Europe, with all her native genius, could profitably adopt was to pool her resources and to join together to produce results in a field where there had not yet arisen the vested interests which made co-operative schemes far more difficult to put into practice. What may be possible now in the way of launching European cooperation in the development of atomic energy might be much more difficult, if not impossible, in three, four, or five years from now. VII. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS The Political Aspects of Convertibility and the Expansion of International Trade The papers which had been circulated to the group on these two subjects, which have a certain bearing on each other, were discussed together. A United States rapporteur, defining convertibility as a state of affairs in which there is a minimum of restriction on international trade, believed that a good deal of progress had been made in that direction since the war. But it was highly unlikely that the world would ever return to the theoretical perfection of the gold standard, because the experience of the 1930s showed us that, in a period of declining income the free flow of trade could accentuate unemployment. Therefore convertibility was politically acceptable only in terms of prosperity and growth. The increase in trade and prosperity both in Europe and the United States, however, was due in no small part to the steps which had been taken to reduce restrictions on trade, and the dollar gap had become a manageable problem. Inflation seemed to be the principal economic problem which could interfere with convertibility. In the light of the existing prosperity it would be a serious mistake not to do everything possible to further the removal of restrictions on the free flow of goods and capital. The speaker then dealt with the related problem of investment in underdeveloped countries where the present annual rate of $3 billion generated an increase of about 1 to 1-5 per cent per year in the standard of living. This was clearly not enough to satisfy growing political needs and ambitions. There was room for both governmental and private capital, the first to develop ports, roads, and utilities, the second in the field of raw material sources and industry. Both our moral responsibility and our self-interest were involved and at a time when political tensions had been reduced we should increasingly turn to investment in these countries. A French rapporteur stressed the importance of not dramatizing the economic problems with which the Western world was now faced. These were normal problems and we could only lose by giving them the kind of moral undertone which they should not have. Thus, recent American decisions regarding the tender for equipment for the Chief Joseph Dam; the tariffs on watches and bicycles, and the recent warning to countries to cut their imports in oil might be unfortunate but should not become moral issues. On the European side we could not have a clear conscience in the field of protection and many European countries maintained restrictions which were not justified by balance of payments considerations. Our American friends had to bear pressures from groups of interests which were very much the same on both sides of the Atlantic. On the other hand the United States had put into force a reduction of tariffs on Japanese goods which was a vital thing for the equilibrium of the whole free world. This was a particularly courageous action since it had resulted in a flood of cheap Japanese textiles. The speaker entered a plea for more understanding on the part of European countries vis-a-vis Japan and felt that the decision of several European countries not to give Japan the benefit of the most-favoured nation clause was a mistake which invited Japan not only to look for other markets but possibly also for other political connections. It was important also not to dramatize British economic difficulties. These were serious enough but probably not more than a normal swing on the payments cycle. The British Government was dealing with its present difficulties without resorting to new trade restrictions, which was important for the whole free world and especially for other European countries. A British speaker, dealing with currency and convertibility, believed that convertibility had been very greatly over-dramatized. In the long run, trade and finance went hand in hand and there could not be expansion of one without expansion of the other. But in the short run they could be alternatives and could come into conflict. Where a large volume of trade came into conflict with currency arrangements he would prefer to have trade maintained rather than the currency arrangements maintained. Economic considerations were now at the centre of the politics of every country and it would not be possible to recreate the conditions of the world when it was an economic unit. Therefore he urged that we should not attempt to recreate a hard orthodoxy in currency matters, of which the word "convertibility" had become a current symbol. In a shifting, complex world we needed to seek flexibility in our arrangements. A United States participant reviewed the broad field of economic affairs in his country since the group met at Barbizon. During that six months the economists, he believed, had not caused much trouble for the diplomatists and the economies of the Western world had been strong. The corrosive pessimism which for so many years had hung over the West and its economics was receding more and more. Success was validating the claim that economic systems, driven increasingly by the accumulated decisions of individuals and businesses, could achieve self-regenerative economic activity at high and acceptable levels to populations. We have had to consider what were the realistic levels of employment and unemployment in the full employment doctrine and to think again about the adequacy of monetary and credit controls of a general type and of subsidiary selective types as they had been evolved in our various countries for dealing with fully employed economies. There was no greater contribution that the United States could make to the economic strength of the free world for the period ahead, than to achieve a sustainable relative stability. The American economic system was now fully engaged; there were a few evidences of weaknesses in it, largely in the area of deterioration in the quality of credit here and there, in the field of construction and consumer credit. Certain actions had been taken, with productive results, in the first area. In the second, where the government was not now in possession of specific weapons to deal with the problem, public attention not only of bankers, investment companies, and finance companies but of citizens themselves had been focused upon it. There was every prospect in the United States of continuing to achieve reasonably steady growth in real income, widely distributed among the population with a considerable degree of stability in price averages. As regards the long run, he thought that President Eisenhower's expectation of October 1954, of a $500 billion economy within ten years at stable prices, now seemed to be somewhat on the modest side. The problem for America now seemed to be a shortage rather than a surplus of labour. The value of goods and services imported into the United States in 1954 was more than 60 per cent above the 1947-9 level and in 1955 it was still higher. The overall supply of dollars to foreign countries from imports of goods and services, capital exports, remittances, and U.S. Government transactions had been running at $20 billion for several years. For the last six years the supply had exceeded the expenditure of dollars by foreign countries, permitting them to build up dollar and gold assets by %n billion. Continuing United States expenditure abroad, the growing activity of the economy providing a rising demand for foreign goods and services, and growing capital exports gave the prospect of dollars being available as a basis for continued growth of trade. There had been a large-scale redistribution of the build up of United States gold resources, accumulated in the 1930s, and during and immediately after the war. A large part of this redistribution of reserves had gone to Western Europe and would serve its purpose better if its growth led to action to reduce discriminating trade restrictions. Because of this redistribution the United States had to look more frequently at its own figures. For example, at the end of 1954 United States gold holdings stood at $21-8 billion. At that time the amount of gold cover required by law against Federal Reserve notes and deposits was $n-8 billion. That left the United States with free gold, so-called, in an amount about equal to $10 billion. Short-term U.S. banking liabilities to foreign countries stood at $11-2 billion, while U.S. short-term banking claims on foreign countries stood at $1-4 billion. Roughly speaking, the difference between these two figures was about the same as the value of the U.S. free gold. During the five years ending with 1954, gold and short-term dollar holdings of foreign countries of the free world had increased by about $9.6 billion, of which about $8 billion was derived from gold and dollar transactions of these countries with the United States and about $1.6 billion from other sources, principally new gold production. Thus the policies which the United States had pursued had, to a substantial degree, resulted in redistributing gold and dollar reserves in the direction of America's friends. The speaker then reviewed the extent to which the President's policy announced in March 1954 had been implemented. There was the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1954 which had extended the old law for one year. The United States had undertaken the negotiations with Japan and their results were put into effect on 10 September in the face of considerable protest from certain sectors of American industry. In those negotiations the U.S.A. had been joined by some, but not all, of its friends. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade had been revised and improved and it was hoped that, after a severe struggle, Congress would approve the Organization for Trade Go-operation, although the action of fourteen nations in invoking Article 35 of GATT against the Japanese would make this more difficult. The Customs Simplification Acts of 1953 and 1954 were already proving useful to foreign suppliers of the American market and the Bureau of the Customs had proceeded to make significant reforms in its operation. There had been two revisions of the tax laws designed to stimulate private capital investment abroad and action by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System modifying the regulations relating to banking organizations authorized to do foreign banking business. An executive order establishing uniform procedures and regulations under the Buy American Act had been put into effect and the percentages applicable to the differentials sharply cut. While there had been a great deal of attention paid to the action taken regarding the generators for the Chief Joseph Dam in the West there had not been much publicity given to the contracts that had gone to foreign suppliers because of the reduction from 25 per cent to 6 and 10 per cent in the discrimination in favour of American companies. The President had set up a Council on Foreign Economic Policy. The Trade Agreement Act of 1955 had been passed by Congress this year, giving the longest extension since 1948, and negotiations were now under way for a new round of tariff reductions early next year. Technical co-operation programmes had been advanced, the International Finance Corporation approved, and the Philippine Trade Treaty renegotiated. It was perhaps believed that a nation capable of conceiving and executing the Marshall Plan could conceive and execute a trade policy which would somehow be able to avoid every specific case of domestic self-interest which arose. In fact the general record of the so-called escape clause, under which the bicycle action had been taken, was not a bad one. When the bicycle case came to the White House from the Tariff Commission, four out of five of the sitting commissioners had found that, within the meaning of the law, injury had been done to American industry. After very careful consideration of the case the President modified severely the remedy recommended by the Commission. Six years ago Europe was sending 15,000-20,000 bicycle units a year to the U.S.A. Last year they sent nearly a million and it could be expected that sales would continue on that level, and better, in the future. The action taken was not a restrictive import control but, at the most, a checking of the rate at which the market was being entered. As to the psychological aspects of this matter, the speaker believed that, with the possible exception of the Canadian market, there was no more stable market, no market which Europeans could enter with greater assurance, than the American. There would always be the risk of infrequent cases like the bicycle case, when the market was penetrated at a rate to bring into operation Section 7 of the United States law, but this should not disrupt European plans for earning dollars on the American market. The decision with respect to the Chief Joseph Dam had been a close one and rested on an exception in the President's executive order regarding an instance where the American product was produced in a labour surplus area; the executive order was not limited purely to the question whether the area had a 6 per cent unemployment rate or not. Such decisions involving the Buy American Act were taken only when absolutely necessary. The oil import problem was also controversial. The Committee on Fuel Resources had recommended, in order adequately to spur domestic development, that it was necessary to have a policy for the sharing of the market. This was now in the process of discussion and it had been hoped that it would be possible to maintain a flexible situation in the industry itself to deal with the problem. Steel scrap had provided another problem recently and the rate at which scrap was being sucked out of the American market had led to a request by domestic industry to limit shipments out of the country. So far the government had declined to take action, but it was important to realize that the matter had reached a stage of serious discussion. In all these matters the United States would seek the maximum consultation with her friends abroad. In the discussion arising from the foregoing survey a European participant expressed the view that, although there had indeed been a redistribution of reserves, the reserves of European countries were still dangerously small. Some people were, therefore, afraid that, after a period of dramatic change, the United States might adopt a "business as usual" attitude towards these matters. The United States had passed the Displaced Persons Act and the Refugees Act, and thus corrected to some extent the restrictive immigration quota. But this had been done by exceptional acts surrounded by exceptional conditions and provisos. They were an important contribution in the right direction but a grudging recognition of immediate needs rather than a change of policy. Both Europe and the U.S.A. were in a dangerous position not only militarily but from an economic point of view, and could at a given moment be facing a hostile world. There was still an unbalance between Europe and the U.S.A. and a further large and rapid correction of the unbalance seemed absolutely necessary. A Canadian speaker referred to the approach to a common market and, in welcoming it, felt some concern as to what kind offences might be put round it. It was to be hoped that, as the movement towards a common market in Europe gathered strength, it would be the pre-occupation of everybody that it should not perpetuate or increase protectionist and restrictionist measures against trade with other parts of the world, but that emphasis should be exclusively on freeing trade within the countries of Europe. A Netherlands participant agreed that any increased protectionist tendency would be most undesirable and was certainly not the intention of the Europeans. In support of this there was the Benelux example where it was agreed that the average tariffs for the outside world, protecting the Benelux countries jointly, were never allowed to be higher on an average than existing tariffs had been in Holland and Belgium. That had led to Belgian tariffs being decreased in some cases. Some in Holland had been increased but the result for the outside world was that they remained the same or were lower. For the six countries it would probably be carried out in the same way. There was some discussion on a point, raised by a German speaker, regarding invisible trade which seemed to be becoming more important between centres of economic gravity like the U.S.A. and Europe. It might be that measures such as raising the tourist allowance for free entry of goods might be more effective than concentrating on the difficult problem of reducing tariffs. A United States speaker explained that this had been part of the President's programme of March 1954, but had languished in the face of opposition from certain sections of industry which feared that considerable amounts of some commodities might be brought in on an organized basis. It remained, however, part of the programme and it might be possible to get it agreed. In summing up the discussions on the subject of convertibility a European participant felt that, whereas the problem of trade had been discussed at great length and with little or no disagreement, convertibility had been buried a little too quickly. When we used to talk about convertibility we talked about trade liberalization and the impression should not be allowed to gain weight that this objective had been given up. Full employment should be maintained and trade developed as fast as possible. But besides full employment and trade there was productivity, a vitally important factor for the world, and there was no other way of increasing productivity in the kind of world in which we lived except through producers meeting competition. Convertibility was precisely the way of enlarging the area of competition and of bringing, progressively, American competition to bear on European producers. We did not want to do this in such conditions that it would bring about unemployment and trade restrictions but we should move towards non-discrimination vis-a-vis the U.S.A. in a manner which would not endanger the results achieved. It was possible that a contradiction would develop between the movement towards a European market and a movement towards convertibility. If a common market were created with a moderate tariff, American goods might be still more difficult to get into that market than they were before because producers within the community would benefit from the preference which would exist. Therefore the movement towards a common market should proceed under the conditions of as low a tariff as possible vis-a-vis the outside world, a customs union complete in a certain number of years and a simultaneous movement towards a multilateral system covering the free world by the progressive reduction of tariffs. Once resistance to the creation of a common market in Europe had been overcome we should be in a strong position to overcome the resistance to a reduction of tariffs vis-a-vis the outside world and should be very close to convertibility. East-West Trade On this subject there was general agreement as to the difficult and seemingly small returns of trade with the Soviet bloc and particularly with China. There was little disagreement among the Western Powers regarding strategic items. The fact that 90 to 95 per cent of trade between the free world countries, amounting to some $152 billion in 1954, was clearly in the non-strategic area at a time when military defence programmes required large shipments of strategical material within the Western Alliance, showed that the bulk of trade was free in so far as strategic controls were concerned. Behind the vague generalities about increasing trade, therefore, it was apparent that the Soviet Government was really interested in the strategic items and in getting the strategic list cut down. It seemed probable, also, that the communist countries might be hoping to obtain industrial equipment on a credit basis from the West. We should have no illusions that there is much to gain and we should certainly not wish to become dependent on Eastern trade. The orientation of the export trade of the Western countries had built up a system which made it of little interest, even to purely economic interests, to undertake the more complicated, quasi-barter Eastern trade. Nor should we seriously think that we could make the Eastern world dependent upon us. A British speaker said that the Peking Government had tried to canalize trade with China through organizations that were really intended for communist propaganda. When commercial organizations insisted on avoiding this arrangement they obtained the consent of the Peking Government to communicate with them direct and arrange for missions to go to China. The Chinese Government would only give facilities for large parties and not to individuals who wished to go to China to transact trade. When large parties of businessmen arrived in China, the first offers made were for goods on the Embargo List, in order to induce firms in the United Kingdom to press for the removal of these items from the List and the Chinese would allege that others were not as strict as the United Kingdom in enforcing the Embargo List. Agreements were made to appear very important and received much publicity but, in fact, they generally had escape clauses and often came to nothing, in which case there was no publicity. The impression was that the Chinese could not pay for imports from the West. Their traditional exports went largely to the Soviet Union and the satellites. When the Chinese have offered exports to parties of businessmen in China these have been for tungsten, bristles, and other traditional Chinese exports, above the world market prices. If a United Kingdom firm saw the possibility of making purchases in China and communicated with a Chinese organization, and if the Chinese could not provide the goods, even though they were traditional Chinese exports, they did not answer the letters since they did not wish to say that they had not got the goods. The trade outlook in the foreseeable future was therefore poor. The Soviet Union and her European satellites again gave the impression that they could not find sufficient exports to pay for imports other than raw materials such as rubber and tin, which they needed. The Soviet and satellites preferred large parties of businessmen because of the propaganda value, but would give visas to individuals representing single firms. The Soviet Union also tried to make advantageous offers for goods believed to be on the Embargo List, at times to create a demand for the relaxation of the List. The speaker did not believe that there was much money to be made out of trade with China or the Soviet Union and her European satellites. While there were some political and psychological advantages in encouraging commercial exchanges with these countries, there could be no dangerous relaxation of the Embargo List and large credits were not to be recommended. A United States speaker discussed the attractions of an offer to Germany, or even to other nations, to participate in the industrialization of China through increased trade. The Soviets wanted to relax tensions so as to complete what they had to do at home and in China; they needed economic assistance to do it more rapidly and they had to help with the industrialization of China. If the cold war was not over but only entering a new phase or taking on a new aspect the real nature of which was not yet clear, we should not be willing to relieve an acknowledged adversary of his economic problems, to increase his potential military resources, or to help him to assist an aggressively disposed partner in the Far East. German participants expressed agreement with these views and did not wish to change their attitude towards their Western friends, believing that if they did, it would mean the enslavement of Germany. <br />
* * * When the Conference ended on the evening of 25 September it was evident that there had been a very valuable exchange of views on some of the most important problems with which the leadership of the Western world is now faced. The discussions which took place during the three days of the conference were remarkable for the measure of agreement expressed. This was of particular value in the case of German reunification and the Unity of Europe. Disagreement was, as a rule, largely a matter of emphasis. It was clear that participants would be able to return to their various countries enriched by a closer knowledge and understanding of the views, difficulties, and hopes of so many leading personalities of countries other than their own and so better equipped to deal with their mutual problems. Participants in this conference may, in the light of the consensus of opinion expressed during the discussions, and to some extent summarized in this document, be able to pass these views on to public opinion in their own spheres of influence, without disclosing their source. PRESS RELEASE An unofficial conference has been held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen from 23 to 25 September, under the chairmanship of H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. Previous meetings of the same sort took place at Bilderberg (Netherlands) and Barbizon (France). About ninety participants were present from various countries of Europe, and from the United States and Canada, all attending as private individuals. In an atmosphere of friendly frankness, made possible by the informal nature of the gathering, they discussed current problems of interest to free nations. The objective was to promote by free discussion a closer understanding between individuals whose countries share a deep desire for peace and for human freedom. It was not the purpose to reach decisions or to establish policy. Many topics were considered, such as: the problem of European integration, to be achieved through the creation of a common market and by other means; the problem of German unification; problems of East-West trade, of the expansion of international trade in general, and of convertibility of currencies; and the problem of atomic energy as a factor in peaceful industry, including a pooling of resources for atomic research and development. The conference proceeded on the assumption that a steady unity of purpose is now more vital than ever to the preservation of peace and the defence of freedom. <br />
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Sourced via WikiLeaks</span></span><b><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div>Regards, Greg L-W. <b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
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<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU. <br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks. <br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945. <br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum. <br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers. <br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-related"><h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0pt;">Related articles</h6><ul class="zemanta-article-ul"><li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.prweb.com/releases/G-20/US_Dollar/prweb3150584.htm" target="_blank">Author Says G-20 Meeting in Scotland this Week about Dumping U.S. Dollar</a> (prweb.com)</li>
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<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/books/a-matter-of-principle-by-conrad-black/article2168792/" target="_blank">A Matter of Principle, by Conrad Black</a> (theglobeandmail.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w-documents.blogspot.com/2011/08/gd041-enoch-powell-example-genius-for.html" target="_blank">#GD041* - Enoch POWELL An Example & Genius for US ALL</a> (gl-w-documents.blogspot.com)</li>
</ul></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_a.png?x-id=5dec3a02-166b-463b-9faf-81c104faffff" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-20698201488356139312011-09-17T00:02:00.000+01:002012-07-09T00:42:05.040+01:00US CONSTITUTION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>US CONSTITUTION</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" height="400" src="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/images/charters_exhibit_zoom_images/constitution_1_of_4_630.jpg" width="330" /></div>
<b>Note:</b> <i>The following text is a transcription of the Constitution in
its <b>original</b> form. <b><br />
Items that are hyperlinked have since been amended or superseded</b>.</i><br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<span class="heading"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="preamble">We the People </a></span> of
the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667&spn=10.0,10.0&q=38.8833333333,-77.0166666667%20%28United%20States%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="United States">United States</a>, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish
Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence,
promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to
ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.history.com/topics/constitution" rel="historycom" target="_blank" title="The U.S. Constitution">Constitution
for the United States</a> of America.<br />
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<div class="heading">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.0"></a>Article. I.</div>
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.1"></a>Section. 1.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.1.1"></a>All legislative Powers herein granted shall be
vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a
Senate and <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.house.gov/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.2"></a>Section. 2.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.2.1"></a>The House of Representatives shall be composed of
Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States,
and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite
for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_%28United_States%29" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="State legislature (United States)">State Legislature</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.2.2"></a>No Person shall be a Representative who shall not
have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a
Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an
Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.2.3"></a><a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#14">Representatives
and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which
may be included within this Union, according to their respective
Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free
Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and
excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons</a>. The
actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first
Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every
subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law
direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every
thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative;
and until such enumeration shall be made, the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=44.0,-71.5&spn=3.0,3.0&q=44.0,-71.5%20%28New%20Hampshire%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="New Hampshire">State of New Hampshire</a>
shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=41.7,-71.5&spn=1.0,1.0&q=41.7,-71.5%20%28Rhode%20Island%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Rhode Island">Rhode-Island and
Providence Plantations</a> one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten,
North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.2.4"></a>When vacancies happen in the Representation from
any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election
to fill such Vacancies.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.2.5"></a>The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.3"></a>Section. 3.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.3.1"></a>The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.senate.gov/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="United States Senate">Senate of the United States</a> shall be composed of two Senators from each State, <a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#17">chosen by the Legislature</a> thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.3.2"></a>Immediately after they shall be assembled in
Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as
may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class
shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second
Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at
the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every
second Year; <a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#17">and
if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of
the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary
Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then
fill such Vacancies</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.3.3"></a>No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have
attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of
that State for which he shall be chosen.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.3.4"></a>The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> shall be
President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally
divided.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.3.5"></a>The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and
also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or
when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.3.6"></a>The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all
Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or
Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief
Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the
Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.3.7"></a>Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend
further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and
enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but
the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to
Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.4"></a>Section. 4.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.4.1"></a>The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections
for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by
the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or
alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.4.2"></a>The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall <a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#20">be on the first Monday in December</a>, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.5"></a>Section. 5.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.5.1"></a>Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,
Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each
shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may
adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance
of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each
House may provide.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.5.2"></a>Each House may determine the Rules of its
Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the
Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.5.3"></a>Each House shall keep a Journal of its
Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such
Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of
the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one
fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.5.4"></a>Neither House, during the Session of Congress,
shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three
days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be
sitting.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.6"></a>Section. 6.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.6.1"></a>The Senators and Representatives shall receive a
Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out
of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except
Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest
during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and
in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in
either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.6.2"></a>No Senator or Representative shall, during the
Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under
the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or
the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and
no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member
of either House during his Continuance in Office.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.7"></a>Section. 7.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.7.1"></a>All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in
the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
Amendments as on other Bills.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.7.2"></a>Every Bill which shall have passed the House of
Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be
presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall
sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that
House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections
at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such
Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill,
it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds
of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of
both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the
Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal
of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the
President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been
presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had
signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return,
in which Case it shall not be a Law.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.7.3"></a>Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the
Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary
(except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the
President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect,
shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed
by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to
the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8"></a>Section. 8.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.1"></a>The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect
Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the
common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all
Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United
States;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.2"></a>To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.3"></a>To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.4"></a>To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.5"></a>To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.6"></a>To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.7"></a>To establish Post Offices and post Roads;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.8"></a>To promote the Progress of Science and useful
Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.9"></a>To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.10"></a>To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.11"></a>To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.12"></a>To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.13"></a>To provide and maintain a Navy;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.14"></a>To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.15"></a>To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.16"></a>To provide for organizing, arming, and
disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be
employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States
respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of
training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.17"></a>To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases
whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may,
by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become
the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like
Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of
the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts,
Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;--And<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.8.18"></a>To make all Laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other
Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United
States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.9"></a>Section. 9.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.9.1"></a>The Migration or Importation of such Persons as
any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be
prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred
and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not
exceeding ten dollars for each Person.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.9.2"></a>The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall
not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the
public Safety may require it.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.9.3"></a>No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.9.4"></a>No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, <a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#16">unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.9.5"></a>No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.9.6"></a>No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of
Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another;
nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter,
clear, or pay Duties in another.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.9.7"></a>No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in
Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and
Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be
published from time to time.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.9.8"></a>No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the
United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under
them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any
present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any
King, Prince, or foreign State.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.10"></a>Section. 10.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.10.1"></a>No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance,
or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit
Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in
Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law
impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.10.2"></a>No State shall, without the Consent of the
Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what
may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the
net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or
Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and
all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the
Congress.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="1.10.3"></a>No State shall, without the Consent of Congress,
lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace,
enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a
foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such
imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.<br />
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<div class="heading">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.0"></a>Article. II.</div>
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.1"></a>Section. 1.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.1.1"></a>The executive Power shall be vested in a
President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office
during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President,
chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.1.2"></a>Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the
Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole
Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be
entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person
holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be
appointed an Elector.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.1.3"></a><a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#12">The
Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for
two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same
State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons
voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall
sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House
of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then
be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the
President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors
appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and
have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall
immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person
have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House
shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President,
the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State
having one Vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a Member or
Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the
President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the
Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or
more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot
the Vice President</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.1.4"></a>The Congress may determine the Time of chusing
the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which
Day shall be the same throughout the United States.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.1.5"></a>No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a
Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this
Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither
shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained
to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident
within the United States.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.1.6"></a><a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#25">In
Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death,
Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said
Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress
may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or
Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what
Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act
accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be
elected</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.1.7"></a>The President shall, at stated Times, receive for
his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor
diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and
he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the
United States, or any of them.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.1.8"></a>Before he enter on the Execution of his Office,
he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear
(or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of
the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect
and defend the Constitution of the United States."<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.2"></a>Section. 2.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.2.1"></a>The President shall be Commander in Chief of the
Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several
States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may
require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of
the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of
their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and
Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of
Impeachment.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.2.2"></a>He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and
Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the
Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the
Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other
public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other
Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the
Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as
they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in
the Heads of Departments.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.2.3"></a>The President shall have Power to fill up all
Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting
Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.3"></a>Section. 3.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.3.1"></a>He shall from time to time give to the Congress
Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their
Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;
he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of
them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time
of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think
proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he
shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall
Commission all the Officers of the United States.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.4"></a>Section. 4.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="2.4.1"></a>The President, Vice President and all civil
Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on
Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high
Crimes and Misdemeanors.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.0"></a>Article III.</div>
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.1"></a>Section. 1.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.1.1"></a>The judicial Power of the United States shall be
vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress
may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the
supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good
Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a
Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in
Office.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.2"></a>Section. 2.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.2.1"></a>The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in
Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United
States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their
Authority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers
and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to
Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;--to
Controversies between two or more States;-- <a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#11">between a State and Citizens of another State</a>,--between
Citizens of different States,--between Citizens of the same State
claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or
the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.2.2"></a>In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public
Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the
supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases
before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction,
both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such
Regulations as the Congress shall make.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.2.3"></a>The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of
Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State
where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed
within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the
Congress may by Law have directed.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.3"></a>Section. 3.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.3.1"></a>Treason against the United States, shall consist
only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies,
giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason
unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on
Confession in open Court.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="3.3.2"></a>The Congress shall have Power to declare the
Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption
of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.0"></a>Article. IV.</div>
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.1"></a>Section. 1.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.1.1"></a>Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each
State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every
other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner
in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the
Effect thereof.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.2"></a>Section. 2.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.2.1"></a>The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.2.2"></a>A Person charged in any State with Treason,
Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in
another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State
from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having
Jurisdiction of the Crime.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.2.3"></a><a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#13">No
Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof,
escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation
therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be
delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be
due</a>.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.3"></a>Section. 3.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.3.1"></a>New States may be admitted by the Congress into
this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction
of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the
Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.3.2"></a>The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and
make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other
Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this
Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the
United States, or of any particular State.<br />
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.4"></a>Section. 4.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="4.4.1"></a>The United States shall guarantee to every State
in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of
them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the
Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic
Violence.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="5.0"></a>Article. V.</div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="5.0.1"></a>The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses
shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution,
or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several
States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in
either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the
several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first
and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that
no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage
in the Senate.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="6.0"></a>Article. VI.</div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="6.1"></a>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="6.1.1"></a>All Debts contracted and Engagements entered
into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid
against the United States under this Constitution, as under the
Confederation.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="6.1.2"></a>This Constitution, and the Laws of the United
States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made,
or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall
be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be
bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the
Contrary notwithstanding.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="6.1.3"></a>The Senators and Representatives before
mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all
executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the
several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this
Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a
Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.<br />
<hr noshade="noshade" size="1" />
<div class="heading">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="7.0"></a>Article. VII.</div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="7.1"></a>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="7.1.1"></a>The Ratification of the Conventions of nine
States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution
between the States so ratifying the Same.<br />
The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth
Lines of the first Page, the Word "Thirty" being partly written on an
Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried"
being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the
first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third
and forty fourth Lines of the second Page. <br />
Attest William Jackson Secretary<br />
done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the
Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the United States
of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed
our Names,<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9051276344832618261" name="delegates"></a><a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_virginia.html#Washington">G°. Washington</a><br />
<i>
Presidt and deputy from Virginia</i><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_delaware.html"><b>Delaware</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_delaware.html#Read">Geo: Read</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_delaware.html#Bedford">Gunning Bedford jun</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_delaware.html#Dickinson">John Dickinson</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_delaware.html#Bassett">Richard Bassett</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_delaware.html#Broom">Jaco: Broom</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_maryland.html"><b>Maryland</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_maryland.html#McHenry">James McHenry</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_maryland.html#Jenifer">Dan of St Thos. Jenifer</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_maryland.html#Carroll">Danl. Carroll</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_virginia.html"><b>Virginia</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_virginia.html#Blair">John Blair</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_virginia.html#Madison">James Madison Jr.</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_north_carolina.html"><b>North Carolina</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_north_carolina.html#Blount">Wm. Blount</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_north_carolina.html#Spaight">Richd. Dobbs Spaight</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_north_carolina.html#Williamson">Hu Williamson</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_south_carolina.html"><b>South Carolina</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_south_carolina.html#Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_south_carolina.html#Cotesworth_Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_south_carolina.html#Pinckney">Charles Pinckney</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_south_carolina.html#Butler">Pierce Butler</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_georgia.html"><b>Georgia</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_georgia.html#Few">William Few</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_georgia.html#Baldwin">Abr Baldwin</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_hampshire.html"><b>New Hampshire</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_hampshire.html#Langdon">John Langdon</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_hampshire.html#Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_massachusetts.html"><b>Massachusetts</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_massachusetts.html#Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_massachusetts.html#King">Rufus King</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_connecticut.html"><b>Connecticut</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_connecticut.html#Johnson">Wm. Saml. Johnson</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_connecticut.html#Sherman">Roger Sherman</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_york.html"><b>New York</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_york.html#Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_jersey.html"><b>New Jersey</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_jersey.html#Livingston">Wil: Livingston</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_jersey.html#Brearley">David Brearley</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_jersey.html#Paterson">Wm. Paterson</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_jersey.html#Dayton">Jona: Dayton</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_pennsylvania.html"><b>Pennsylvania</b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_pennsylvania.html#Franklin">B Franklin</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_pennsylvania.html#Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_pennsylvania.html#Morris_R">Robt. Morris</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_pennsylvania.html#Clymer">Geo. Clymer</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_pennsylvania.html#Fitzsimons">Thos. FitzSimons</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_pennsylvania.html#Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_pennsylvania.html#Wilson">James Wilson</a><br />
<a href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_pennsylvania.html#Morris_G">Gouv Morris</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Regards,<br />
Greg L-W.
<b> </b><br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b>
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">
</span></b><br />
<br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for
every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain
does not leave the EU.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being
imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The
EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every
possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of
the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central
dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with
the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills,
destroy lives and denude food stocks.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic
leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself
and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the
rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain
of endless imports. <b> </b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own
agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights
and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the
thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has
damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the
Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our
democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by
our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry:
Treat every election as a referendum.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician
in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free
Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making
and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected
Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot
box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise
their powers.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div>
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</div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-5591974491251846502011-08-27T04:43:00.000+01:002011-08-27T04:43:16.697+01:00#GD041* - Enoch POWELL An Example & Genius for US ALL<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6kRqxhbkXN3ctXgRtIgepzogrAii9Wh2dXVztYuwiyGQlwZg2S9_L5EfCetYQUxec1AMZSon_w2UsVedq2SLoELyTUDtJP2bXANE7CleGd7VHv64L17lK3S1x-DC18meKHLkZbh7UHJw/s1600/POWELL%252C+Enoch+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6kRqxhbkXN3ctXgRtIgepzogrAii9Wh2dXVztYuwiyGQlwZg2S9_L5EfCetYQUxec1AMZSon_w2UsVedq2SLoELyTUDtJP2bXANE7CleGd7VHv64L17lK3S1x-DC18meKHLkZbh7UHJw/s320/POWELL%252C+Enoch+01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Statement by <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Gabb" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Sean Gabb">Sean Gabb</a>, Director of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Alliance" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Libertarian Alliance">Libertarian Alliance</a>,<br />
on the Vilification of Enoch Powell,<br />
26th August 2011<br />
<br />
A couple of weeks ago, the historian <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Starkey" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a> made a comment on the riots. He has been widely denounced for what he said, not least because he referred approvingly to Enoch Powell.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6kRqxhbkXN3ctXgRtIgepzogrAii9Wh2dXVztYuwiyGQlwZg2S9_L5EfCetYQUxec1AMZSon_w2UsVedq2SLoELyTUDtJP2bXANE7CleGd7VHv64L17lK3S1x-DC18meKHLkZbh7UHJw/s1600/POWELL%252C+Enoch+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6kRqxhbkXN3ctXgRtIgepzogrAii9Wh2dXVztYuwiyGQlwZg2S9_L5EfCetYQUxec1AMZSon_w2UsVedq2SLoELyTUDtJP2bXANE7CleGd7VHv64L17lK3S1x-DC18meKHLkZbh7UHJw/s320/POWELL%252C+Enoch+01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Professor Starkey is able to defend himself. What concerns the Libertarian Alliance is how our increasingly totalitarian ruling class regards Enoch Powell as some kind of Emanuel Goldstein. Even if nothing controversial in itself is said, to speak of him without visible and ritualistic loathing will bring you under suspicion of thought crime.<br />
<br />
We therefore say this with regard to Enoch Powell. He was a classical scholar of great brilliance and distinction. His <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.amazon.com/Lexicon-Herodotus-J-Enoch-Powell/dp/3487011492%3FSubscriptionId%3D0G81C5DAZ03ZR9WH9X82%26tag%3Dzem-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D3487011492" rel="amazon" target="_blank" title="A Lexicon to Herodotus">Lexicon to Herodotus</a> (1938) is one of the most valuable works ever produced on the ancient historian. As well as in Latin and Greek, he was fluent in every main European language, and in Welsh. He was also at least competent in several ancient and modern oriental languages. In addition, he wrote a fine biography of Joseph Chamberlain, and was an expert on the mediaeval House of Lords.<br />
<br />
During his long political career, he was notable for his defence of the British Constitution and of the traditional liberties that it embodied. He was an anti-socialist and an anti-corporatist. He resigned from one Conservative Government that was soft on spending and inflation. He helped bring down another that was a national disaster. He played an important part in stopping further "reforms" to the House of Lords until the year of his death.<br />
<br />
He opposed British membership of what became the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and he regarded the American alliance as barely less undesirable. He opposed the Cold War and the First Gulf War. He believed in a <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">United Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and Norther Ireland. He was easily the best political speaker of his age.<br />
<br />
The public reason for why he is so hated by our modern ruling class is that he opposed mass-immigration and multiculturalism. Since the legitimising ideology of this ruling class is based on the claim that “diversity” is strength, and the threat of utter destruction for anyone who disagrees, his opposition might be sufficient reason for his being hated. Even so, much of the hatred rests on the envy of men and women who are themselves uneducated and illiterate and dishonourable and sordid and incompetent. Enoch Powell is hated in part because he dissented from the established view on immigration, but also because he was a shining example of what a statesman ought to be – and of what a statesman often approached to in this country before the present clique took over.<br />
<br />
I am proud to say that the Libertarian Alliance frequently invited him to speak at its meetings in the 1980s and 1990s, and that we published several articles by him. Of particular importance among these articles is the attack that he made in 1984 on the Drug Trafficking Offences Bill and the principle that it brought into <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="English law">English law</a> of asset forfeiture without conviction. (See Hon. <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Enoch Powell">J. Enoch Powell</a>, The Drug Trafficking Act versus Natural Justice (Introduction by Dr. Chris R. Tame), The Libertarian Alliance, 1987, ISBN: 0948317 97 3).<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh5N09QPNguzJi6i4jTGwEfZei9R4MvbS0cluuwXhww0GniR8gqoFSGQA_PH8vtRkpSLbBGCVsB30XJJalRBLxNmmYa5Tb8gaS5uPNp-GLJ-dTcpNC3_lWgN1fTEAI1fkUMVsasUcaoww/s1600/POWELL%252C+Enoch+02" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh5N09QPNguzJi6i4jTGwEfZei9R4MvbS0cluuwXhww0GniR8gqoFSGQA_PH8vtRkpSLbBGCVsB30XJJalRBLxNmmYa5Tb8gaS5uPNp-GLJ-dTcpNC3_lWgN1fTEAI1fkUMVsasUcaoww/s320/POWELL%252C+Enoch+02" width="290" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div>When Enoch Powell died in 1998, our Director, Chris R. Tame, paid his respects by standing outside the crowded memorial service. I was not able to join him on this occasion. But I did recently make Enoch Powell the directing genius of my Churchill Memorandum, which is an alternative history novel set in a world of 1959 where the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="World War II">Second World War</a> had not happened.<br />
<br />
I feel honoured to have met him and heard him speak, and to possess signed copies of his books. And I rejoice in directing an organisation with which, however slightly, he was connected. A hundred years from now, no one will remember the corrupt nonentities who are now using Enoch Powell as a stick for beating David Starkey. Equally, a hundred years from now, men will still be reading Enoch Powell for pleasure and instruction.<br />
<br />
End of Statement<br />
<br />
-- <br />
Sean Gabb<br />
Director, The Libertarian Alliance (Carbon Positive since 1979)<br />
sean@libertarian.co.uk Tel: 07956 472 199 <br />
Skype Username: seangabb <br />
<br />
Postal Address: Suite 35, 2 Lansdowne Row, London W1J 6HL, England<br />
<br />
http://www.libertarian.co.uk<br />
http://www2.libertarian.co.uk<br />
http://www.seangabb.co.uk<br />
http://richardblake.me.uk/<br />
http://libertarianalliance.wordpress.com<br />
http://www.facebook.com/sean.gabb <br />
http://vimeo.com/seangabb<br />
<br />
Wikipedia Entry: http://tinyurl.com/23jvoz <br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
</span></b> <br />
<div></div>Regards,<br />
Greg L-W. <b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><br />
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">British politicians</a> selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945. <br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
<br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-related"><h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0pt;">Related articles</h6><ul class="zemanta-article-ul"><li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.politics.ie/forum/history/167610-enoch-powell-revisited-post-riots.html" target="_blank">Enoch Powell revisited. Post riots.</a> (politics.ie)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://vircantium.wordpress.com/2011/08/15/what%25e2%2580%2599s-all-the-fuss-about-david-starkey/" target="_blank">What's All the Fuss About David Starkey?</a> (vircantium.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/int/news/-/news/uk-14601813" target="_blank">Starkey defends riot race remarks</a> (bbc.co.uk)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://indigenist.blogspot.com/2011/08/right-wing-historian-david-starkey.html" target="_blank">Right wing historian David Starkey blames 'black culture' for riots|20Aug11|Socialist Worker</a> (indigenist.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/2011/08/g0605-god-bothering-in-perspective-pat.html" target="_blank">#G0605* - God Bothering In Perspective - Pat Condell</a> (gl-w.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w-documents.blogspot.com/2011/04/gd038-world-reports-christopher-story.html" target="_blank">#GD038* - WORLD REPORTS - Christopher STORY</a> (gl-w-documents.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w-documents.blogspot.com/2011/03/gd037-vernon-coleman-on-politics.html" target="_blank">#GD037* - Vernon COLEMAN on POLITICS</a> (gl-w-documents.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/2011/08/g0597-riots-what-riots-predictions.html" target="_blank">#G0597* - RIOTS, what riots? Predictions & Solutions!</a> (gl-w.blogspot.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://gl-w-documents.blogspot.com/2011/03/gd032-churchill-european-movement.html" target="_blank">#GD032* - CHURCHILL & The EUropean Movement</a> (gl-w-documents.blogspot.com)</li>
</ul></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_a.png?x-id=1ccfaca0-b8bd-419f-9877-a3c5de2bd3f5" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-5877676729443554802011-07-21T22:26:00.000+01:002012-03-29T23:33:07.230+01:00#GD045* - Courts Find AGAINST UKIP & Parkin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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#GD045* - Courts Find AGAINST UKIP & Parkin </div>
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<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Case citation">Neutral Citation</a> Number: [2011] EWCA Civ 1204<br />
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Case No: A2/2011/0002<b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"></span></b></div>
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IN THE <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_Northern_Ireland" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Courts of Northern Ireland">COURT OF APPEAL</a> (CIVIL
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ON <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Appeal">APPEAL</a> FROM Middlesborough
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His Honour Judge Fox <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></div>
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9MBO3865</div>
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<a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.5136111111,-0.113333333333&spn=0.01,0.01&q=51.5136111111,-0.113333333333%20%28Royal%20Courts%20of%20Justice%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a></div>
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Date: 26/10/2011</div>
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LORD
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<span style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">and</span></div>
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<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Potter_%28judge%29" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Mark Potter (judge)">SIR
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UK INDEPENDENCE PARTY LIMITED </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">(2) GORDON HOWARD PARKIN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span> </span>ALAN HARDY<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><u>Respondent</u></b></div>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Philip
Engelman</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> (instructed by </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Endeavour Partnership LLP</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">) for the </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Appellants</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="" name="bkPart2AddProp"><b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Alan Hardy </span></b></a><b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">(In Person)</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Hearing date: </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">21 July 2011</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"></span></div>
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Approved Judgment</div>
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<b>Sir Mark Potter:</b> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>This is an appeal from the Judgment of His Honour Judge
Fox QC, the Recorder of Middlesbrough, dated 15 November 2010. It concerns a dispute which arose out
of an unfortunate and regrettable clash of personalities within the
Stockton-on-Tees Branch of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) between
the respondent, Mr Alan Hardy, who became a member of UKIP in 2007 (the first
appellant) and served for a short time as the Branch’s Press Officer, and Mr
Gordon Parkin (the second appellant), who was and remains the Chairman of the Branch.
</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Having received a letter from Mr Parkin dated 11
September 2009 purporting to ban Mr Hardy from attending Branch meetings
chaired by Mr Parkin, and <span> </span>advising him
to resign from his membership of UKIP, Mr Hardy, issued proceedings against Mr
Parkin in the Middlesbrough County Court seeking a declaration that Mr Parkin’s
actions were illegal and claiming damages.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>The matter escalated to national level when, in
February 2010 the Head Office of UKIP rejected Mr Hardy’s renewal subscription
for the year 2010, following which he issued High Court proceedings against
UKIP in the Middlesbrough<span> </span>District
Registry seeking a declaration that he had been wrongly excluded from
membership.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>The actions were subsequently consolidated and came on
for trial lasting two days before His Honour Judge Fox Q.C. Mr Hardy appeared
in person and Mr Holland of counsel appeared for Mr Parkin and UKIP. In the
course of the proceedings Mr Holland advanced argument based upon the form of
the UKIP Party Constitution (“the Constitution”) and its Branch and Constituency
Association Rules (“the Rules”) that actions taken by Mr Parkin as Chairman of
the Branch were taken as agent of the Branch, which enjoyed autonomous
existence under the Rules, and hence that it might be the Branch and not UKIP
who were liable for any unlawful action on the part of Mr Parkin. In order to
meet that submission, the judge belatedly amended the proceedings so as to join
the Branch as an additional defendant in circumstances to which I will turn in
more detail below.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Having considered all the evidence, having construed
the relevant correspondence at local and national level, the effect of which
was subject to considerable argument, and having heard argument as to the
effect of the Constitution and Rules, the judge held that neither the
Constitution nor the Rules provide for the exclusion of a member in the
circumstances of the case, and that Mr Hardy had been wrongfully excluded from
membership of UKIP in breach of contract. He held that Mr Hardy was entitled to
compensation by way of damages for such wrongful exclusion which he assessed in
round terms in the sum of £750.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>The form of the judgment against which UKIP brings this
appeal was as follows:</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
“there be judgment for the claimant in the sum of £750.00
(total) against each defendant (that is Gordon H Parkin, UK Independent Party
Limited and Stockton-on-Tees Branch of UK Independent Party Limited) with no
order as to costs and a Declaration that upon the claimant’s payment to the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Defendant of £10.00 he be a member of the 2<sup>nd</sup> Defendant’s Party and
the 3<sup>rd</sup> Defendant’s Branch (that is Stockton-on-Tees UKIP) for the
current year ending February 2011.”</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>The judge refused permission to appeal. <span> </span>By an appellant’s notice sealed on 16 December 2010, UKIP applied to
this court for permission to appeal on a variety of grounds.<span> </span>Permission was refused on paper by Lord
Justice Elias despite his view that certain of the grounds were arguable.<span> </span>Upon UKIP’s oral application made to this
court on 19 April 2011,
Lord Justice Ward granted permission on condition that no order for costs would
be sought against Mr Hardy. Mr Engelman told us that, when he appeared before
Lord Justice Ward, he had not appreciated that the application had been lodged
by UKIP alone and that permission to appeal had therefore been granted on that
basis. He sought permission for Mr Parkin (whom he also represented) to be
joined as an appellant before us. We granted permission, being satisfied that
the point to be argued on Mr Parkin’s behalf was one of law, was fully set out
in Mr Engelman’s grounds of appeal and came as no surprise to Mr Hardy. </div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b>The Relationship of
UKIP with its Members</b></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>UKIP is, it appears, an incorporated rather than an
unincorporated members’ association. However the word “Limited” does not appear
in its title and I proceed upon the basis that it is a company limited by
guarantee with a dispensation from that requirement under s.30 of the Companies
Act 1985. It is not in issue for the purposes of this appeal that UKIP’s
relationship with its members is, like that of an unincorporated association,
founded on the basis of contract and governed by the rules of the association.
Consequently, no member may be expelled or suspended for disciplinary or other
reasons unless there is a power to do so provided for in the rules, the
procedures laid down in such rules are complied with, and the principles of
natural justice observed: see <i>John v Rees
</i>[1970] Ch 345 at 396 G – 402 A.<span> </span>See
also <i>Dawkins v Antrobus</i> [1881] LR 17
and 615 at 630 per Brett LJ at the first paragraph of his judgment.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Before proceeding to the detail of the case and the
grounds of appeal it is helpful to set out the relevant provisions of the UKIP
Constitution and the Rules to which reference has been made in the course of
this appeal.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>The relevant parts of the <b>UKIP Constitution</b> provide:</div>
<div class="ParaLevel2" style="color: blue; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b>4. Membership</b></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
“4.1 Membership is open to UK
citizens and resident foreign nationals over the age of 16 years of age who
share [UKIP’s] aims and who are not members of any other political party or
organisation, membership of which the National Executive Committee (“NEC”) has
declared as incompatible with membership of the party…</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
4.2 If a member of UKIP subsequently
joins such a party or organisation which the NEC has declared to be
incompatible with membership of the party, or if the member is found to be a
member of such a party or organisation, then their membership of the party will
be automatically revoked.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span> </span>.
. .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 1cm;">
4.4 Members must
maintain their subscriptions.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
4.5 Members should accept the Party’s
constitution and rules made in accordance with this constitution and do nothing
to undermine the reputation of the party or to bring the party into public
disrepute. Nor shall they act in a manner intended to cause, or actually
causing, damage to the Party’s interests including by wilful disruptive conduct
or by breaching confidentiality.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
4.6 Where constituency associations
are established, membership shall be of the local Parliamentary Constituency
Association and, by affiliation of the Constituency Association, of the
National Party.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span> </span>.
. .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
4.9 Members shall receive a membership
card and the Party’s newsletter. They shall be entitled to vote in all the
relevant internal Party elections.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
4.10 Members are of “good standing” if
their subscriptions are up to date and they are not subject to any suspension
or exclusion from elected office or from standing as a candidate of any sort.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 1cm;">
5 <b>Constituency Associations</b> </div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
5.1 The party shall seek to establish
an association in every UK Parliamentary constituency. Constituency associations
will affiliate to the National Party by resolution at their first official
meeting.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
5.2 As a first duty constituency
associations shall prepare, organise and fight elections within their
constituency and shall nominate and campaign for a UKIP candidate in all UK
Parliamentary elections and in as many local government elections as shall be
expedient. </div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
5.3 The constituency association has
the responsibility for administering its own financial and other affairs
subject to the constituency rule book approved by the NEC from time to time
including the election of local officers and the selection of candidates for UK
Parliamentary and Local Government Elections, such election to be made in
accordance with rules established by the NEC from time to time.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
5.4 Where an organisation covers more
than one parliamentary constituency it shall be know as a Branch and paragraph
5.2 shall apply to it as if it were a constituency association.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span> </span>.
. .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 1cm;">
<b>13 Standing and Temporary Committees</b></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
13.1 The Standing Committee set up by
the NEC shall include a . . . Discipline Committee.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span> </span>.
. .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 1cm;">
<b>14 Discipline</b></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
The Party shall establish a Discipline
Committee comprising of the Party’s secretary and up to 10 members approved by
the Annual Business Meeting from fully paid – up members. The Party Secretary
and a minimum of four members of the Discipline Committee shall conduct
specific hearings in accordance with the appropriate rules which shall be made
by the NEC from time to time.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 1cm;">
. . .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 1cm;">
<b>15 The Party Rules</b></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 2cm;">
The NEC shall establish the rules
governing Constituency Associations; . . . disciplinary procedures and all
other rules and procedures forming part of the formal management, conduct and
administration of the Party save where such rules are already laid down in this
constitution.”</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b>The Branch and
Constituency Association Rules </b>provide as follows:</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
“These rules should be read in conjunction with the Party
Constitution, which, in the event of a clash, shall always take precedence.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
. . .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<b>1 Status and Authority</b></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
1.1 The basic units of the Party are
the Constituency Association and Branches, established under section 5 of the
Party Constitution. They shall uphold the principles of the constitution and
are responsible to the National Executive Committee via the Party Chairman or
his delegate who will normally be a regional organiser.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span> </span><span> </span>. . .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
1.4 The primary functions of the
Constituency Associations <span> </span>and Branches
are to select and support candidates for Parliamentary and local elections, to
assist in Euro/election campaigns, recruit new members, raise funds and
generally to promote the Party in its policies.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span> </span><span> </span>. . .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
1.7 Constituency Associations and
Branches shall both be managed under these rules and both are hereinafter
referred to as Branches.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 76.95pt; text-indent: 13.05pt;">
. . .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 76.95pt; text-indent: 13.05pt;">
<b>2. Membership</b></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
2.1 All Party members of the Branch
in which they live<span> </span><span> </span>shall be entitled to participate in its
activities…</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
2.3 Party members may, on request,
become a member of another branch, subject to the agreement of the receiving
Branch Committee.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
<b>3.
Branch Committees</b></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
3.1 Branches are responsible for their
own actions and financial affairs.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
3.2 A Branch Committee shall have a
minimum of two members and would not normally have more then 8 members in
total.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
3.3 The three principal Branch
Officers, Chairman, Treasurer and Secretary shall all be Committee members.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
. . .</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
3.8 Duties of Branch Officers.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
3.8.1 The Chairman has a principal
responsibility for the direction of the Branch and shall normally chair all
meetings including the AGM.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
. . .”</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
<b>7
Disputes</b> </div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
7.1 Incidents may arise when
differences within a branch threaten its proper functioning. Every effort shall
be made to resolve these at the local level, either by the Branch Committee or
as a full meeting of the Branch. If it does not succeed, the dispute shall be
referred to the regional organiser, acting on behalf of the Party chairman.</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue; margin-left: 90pt;">
7.2 If the dispute remains
irreconcilable, or if the Party Chairman deems that the behaviour of the
committee or its officers is inconsistent with the Party’s constitution or
principles, the Party Chairman will suspend or dissolve the Committee or
dissolve the Branch.”</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>It is to be noted that there is no provision for the
disciplining of UKIP members at Branch level. The relevant provisions are those
contained in clauses 14 and 15 of the Constitution (see above), which provide
for disciplinary proceedings to take place before the Disciplinary Committee of
the Party.<span> </span>In this connection, however, neither
the judge below nor this court have been referred to any “Rules governing ...
disciplinary procedures” to which reference appears in clause 15 of the
Constitution, and the case has proceeded both below and before this court on
the basis that there are no such rules in existence.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Broadly put, therefore, it will be seen that under its
Constitution and Rules UKIP carries on its activities through a number of
Branches, all UKIP Party members being members of the Branch established in the
area where they live and the Branch Rules fall to be read in conjunction with
and subject to the rules contained in the constitution of UKIP, such combined rules
constituting the contract between UKIP and its individual members. Under the
Constitution, the higher management of UKIP is in the hands of the National
Executive Committee (“NEC”) including the establishment of disciplinary
procedures, and all other rules and procedures forming part of the formal
management, conduct and administration of the Party (see clauses 7 and 15), including
the establishment of a Discipline Committee to conduct specific disciplinary
hearings in accordance with appropriate rules (clause 14). The running of the
day to day affairs of UKIP members (who are entitled to participate in the
activities of their local Branch) is delegated to the Branch Committees, the
Chairman of each such committee having the principal responsibility for the
direction of the Branch and normally chairing all meetings of that Branch. The
Branch Committee does not have any disciplinary power or function. When
disputes or differences within a Branch arise which threaten its proper
functioning, it is the duty of the Branch Committee, either in Committee or at
a full meeting of the Branch to seek to resolve such dispute and, if
unsuccessful, to refer the matter to the regional organiser for action by the
Party Chairman. (Rule 7). </div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span> </span><b>The Factual Background</b></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>14.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>At one time Mr Hardy was a member of the British
National Party (“BNP”) from which he resigned in June 2005. He has never
rejoined. In February 2007 he applied to become a member of UKIP and his
application was accepted. He became a member of the Stockton Branch of which Mr
Parkin was and is Branch Chairman. He was quickly active in the Branch, becoming
its press officer in which role he was commended by UKIP’s head office where he
was well known to senior officials, who were well aware of his former
membership of BNP.<span> </span>However, he was not
successful in his ambition to be adopted as a Parliamentary Candidate.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>15.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Despite his successful role as press officer, Mr Hardy
did not get on with Mr Parkin, such that in November 2007 Mr Hardy resigned his
post as press officer, writing to Mr Parkin that he would not serve the branch
in any post so long as Mr Parkin remained Chairman. However, he continued in
active membership, attending Branch meetings and working to further the aims
and activities of the Branch and UKIP. He renewed his subscription and
membership on 1 February 2008
and again on 1 February 2009
despite the continuation of his bad relations with Mr Parkin.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>16.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Matters came to a head in the Winter of 2008/2009 when
a dispute arose as to whether Mr Parkin had distributed leaflets to each house
on a housing estate, so that Mr Hardy and a fellow member, Mr Himmelblau,
conducted a door to door enquiry which, in turn, Mr Parkin dubbed inadequate
and misleading. This issue led to cross-accusations of lying.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>17.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>In January 2009 Mr Hardy and Mr Himmelblau asked Mr
Parkin to stand down as Branch Chairman on the grounds of his incompetence in
that role and the fact that the local membership of the UKIP was not
increasing. Mr Parkin refused. The February meeting under Mr Parkin’s chairmanship
had to be brought to an end prematurely when the caretaker of the hall where it
was held asked everyone present to leave the building on account of the noise
from the raised voices. </div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>18.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>At two subsequent monthly Branch meetings on 20 January
and 17 February 2009, voices
were again raised and cross- accusations were made by Mr Hardy and Mr Parkin,
each stating that the other was a liar. On 10 March Mr Parkin circulated Branch
members to the effect he had decided that there would be no Branch meeting that
month. He wrote:</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
“<i>matters were raised at
our last meeting and are of concern to members are being dealt with and a
report will be issued as soon as practical”</i></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>19.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Between the end of March and late June Mr Hardy was
away in Saudi Arabia
on a teaching job. Whilst he was there, in the context of the continuing bad
relations between Mr Hardy and Mr Parkin, the UKIP Party Chairman Mr Nuttall
wrote to him at his UK
address inviting him to meet the General Secretary, Mr Arnott, and himself on
14 April. Mr Hardy did not receive the letter until 6 May 2009 following his return, and so could not have
attended the meeting even had he been so inclined.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>20.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>On 17 May 2009 Mr Hardy wrote to Mr Challice, the
Administration Manager at UKIP Head Office explaining the position, only to
receive a reply dated 29 May 2009 (copied to the Chairman and Secretary of
UKIP, the Regional Organiser and Mr Parkin) stating that, since Mr Hardy had
not “bothered to attend” the proposed meeting and had sent an abusive letter
concerning the late arrival of the letter of 30 March:</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
“<i>I have decided that this
office has better things to do and henceforth will have no further dealings
with you.</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>If you wish to write to
the Party Chairman your letters will be forwarded. Any letter or e-mails to me
will find their way to a different destination. I will also give instructions
to Head Office staff not to engage in conversation with you on the telephone. I
will not engage with you on the telephone”</i></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>21.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>On his return from Saudi
Arabia, Mr Hardy e-mailed the new Branch
Secretary, Dr Goyns, asking him to telephone him only to receive a reply from
Mr Goyns that, on Mr Parkin’s advice, it would be inappropriate for them to
meet.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>22.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Following further correspondence between Mr Hardy and
Mr Parkin, on 11 September 2009
the latter wrote to Mr Hardy. Having referred to “ repeated complaints” by Mr
Hardy about Mr Parkin’s Chairmanship, he stated that they had been:</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
“<i>dealt with at every level
within the Party, up to the level of Party Chairman and at all levels they have
seen your complaints were unfounded and without substance…</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>I have once again taken
valuable advice from our regional organiser and I have decided on the following
actions, which I shall give my reasoning for this action.</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>It has been decided that
you will no longer be permitted to attend any Branch meeting of which I am
chairman. The reasoning for this is as follows:</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>At your two attendances at
Branch meetings you did bring the meeting into disrepute.</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>At your last attendance at
the Branch meeting at Kiora all your actions and outbursts created an
embarrassing situation which led to the eviction from that venue and the
prevention of our return…</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>Clearly you are
dissatisfied with the Party and the way in which it operates and for this
reason I strongly recommend that you will withdraw from your membership of the
Party forthwith…</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>As of this point in time I
have advised the Branch Secretary not to enter into any further communications
with you or your colleagues.</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>I and the Party have dealt
with your complaints and dissatisfactions as they have arisen and we can do no
more at this level.</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>Should you wish to take
the matter further then your only option left is to go through Head Office.”</i></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>23.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>On 13
November 2009 Mr Hardy issued proceedings in the Middlesbrough
District Registry (Claim No. 03865) against Mr Parkin as Chairman of the
Stockton-on-Tees Branch of the party. He sought a declaration that Mr Parkin’s
action in banning him from attendance at Branch meetings was unwarranted and
that he had no power to impose such a ban on a summary basis. Mr Hardy asserted
that the ban was in breach of the Human Rights Act and claimed such
compensation as the court should think appropriate. In his Defence delivered on
16 January 2010, Mr Parkin pleaded, inter alia, that the Branch meetings of
UKIP were private meetings, that no cause of action was available to the defendant
under the Human Rights Act and denied that he was in any contractual
relationship with the claimant or owed him any duty upon which this cause of
action could be based. </div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>24.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>In early 2010, with renewal of his membership due on 1 February 2010, Mr Hardy was not sent
a renewal form from Head Office in the usual way. He wrote tendering his
subscription on 11 February 2010
and asked to receive his new membership card “within the next 7 days”. He
received a reply on 19 February 2010
from Mrs Duffy, the Party Director, stating that, by administrative error, the
National Executive Committee had not been informed of his former membership of
the BNP and that before his membership could be renewed the NEC “must be given
a proper opportunity fully to consider the matter”. She returned his £10
membership renewal cheque.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>25.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>On 3 March 2010
Mr Hardy issued proceedings against UKIP in the Middlesbrough County Court
(Claim No. OMB 00631) claiming that his membership of the Party had not been
renewed and that such an action was ‘against the Constitution’ of UKIP and a
breach of his Human Rights.<span> </span>The claim
was subsequently transferred to the District Registry under the same number and
Particulars of Claim dated 22 March
2010 were filed, claiming that the failure to renew was unwarranted,
UKIP having no power to exclude Mr Hardy from the Party on a summary
basis.<span> </span>It claimed that “the expulsion”
be quashed. </div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>26.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>On 23 March
2010 Mrs Duffy sent a further letter to Mr Hardy to say that the
NEC had considered his application and “<i>on
the information currently available … [the NEC]… would have no objection to your
membership should you choose to apply”</i>. Mr Hardy did not see that letter,
until a good deal later, attached to UKIP’s defence in the proceedings dated 4 May 2010.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>27.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>After seeing it, however, Mr Hardy did not choose to make
a “new” application for membership as invited, but stood upon his position
that, as a member in good standing, he was entitled to automatic renewal in the
ordinary way, without such renewal being treated and considered as a fresh
application for membership subject to the approval of the National Executive
Committee. </div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>28.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>By paragraph 2 of its Defence dated 4 May 2010 in Claim No. 00631 UKIP
characterised the position as one in which Mr Hardy had applied for renewal of
his membership, but which application “had not yet been processed”. However,
UKIP did nothing subsequently to process Mr Hardy’s application.<span> </span>It relied on the second letter from Mrs Duffy
to Mr Hardy dated 23 March 2010 and stated simply that no further application
for renewal had been received. <span> </span>Furthermore
at the hearing, despite the terms of its defence, UKIP produced a statement of
Mr Arnott, the General Secretary of UKIP, in the form of a Memorandum dated 8 September 2010, which stated as
follows in relation to Mr Hardy’s membership: </div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>“In March 2010 the UK
Independence Party wrote to Mr Allan Hardy stating that if he were to choose to
renew his Party membership then his renewal would be accepted and that internal
Disciplinary Proceedings would immediately commence against him as a result of
his alleged actions at Party meetings.</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>The </i><i>UK</i><i> </i><i>Independence</i><i> Party considers people whose subscriptions
are up to 3 months out of date to still remain as lapsed members on the
database and entitled to renew without such renewal being considered to be fresh
application for membership. As more than 3 months have passed without such
renewal in this case, any further application to join the </i><i>UK</i><i> </i><i>Independence</i><i> Party from Mr Hardy would be treated in the
same way as a new membership application.</i></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
<i>It is the policy of the </i><i>UK</i><i> </i><i>Independence</i><i> Party not to accept membership applications
from former BNP members and activists; any new application for membership from
Mr Hardy would therefore now be rejected on those grounds. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<b>The Judgment</b></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>29.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>The judge made the following findings as the basis for
his decision:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span>(1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>That
membership of UKIP was open to Mr Hardy as a person within the terms of Clause
4.1 of the Constitution and he had done nothing to lose his entitlement to
membership under clauses 4.2 or 4.3.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 54pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span>(2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>That
neither the Constitution nor the Rules provided for expulsion or suspension in
the circumstances of Mr Hardy’s case.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span>(3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>That
so far as Mr Parkin was concerned, his letter of 11 September 2009 banning Mr
Hardy from attending Branch meetings on the ground that the previous two
meetings had brought UKIP into disrepute were not, (as had been argued),
justified as an exercise of the Chairman’s authority under Rules 3.1 and 3.8.1,
or as a legitimate form of dispute resolution under Rule 7. On the contrary, Mr
Parkin had acted autocratically taking sole responsibility for what was in
effect a suspension of Mr Hardy’s membership without having (i) called an
emergency meeting of the Branch Committee under Rule 4.1.1 (ii) convened a
dispute resolution meeting of the Branch Committee or of the whole Branch under
Rule 7.1 or (iii) given Mr Hardy a reasonable opportunity to put forward a case
of his own as to why he should not be suspended or excluded from Branch
meetings. Mr Parkin’s letter was in breach of the Rules and a decision taken in
breach of natural justice. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span>(4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>That
the effect of such letter and/or suspension was (albeit unwittingly on her
part) compounded by Mrs Duffy by her letters in March 2010, the first of which
rejected Mr Hardy’s renewal subscription and the second of which informed him
that he needed to re-apply if his membership was to be restored.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span>(5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>The
subsequent attempt by Mr Arnott in his statement of 8 September 2010 to rely
upon Mr Hardy’s former membership of the BNP as a reason to reject any further
application made by Mr Hardy to renew his membership was found by the judge to
be a deliberate contrivance to exclude Mr Hardy from membership of UKIP and to
do so on spurious grounds (see para 12 of judgment), the reference to his
former membership of the BNP being “a fig leaf… which disclosed an urgent
desire to expel Mr Hardy at any price” <span> </span>(see
para 16 of judgment). As such it was confirmatory of the intention of UKIP to
exclude Mr Hardy from membership. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>30.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>The Judge went on to award Mr Hardy the sum of £750 as
damages for some 12 months’ deprivation of the enjoyment and satisfaction of
pursuing his political aims and activities as a member of his local Branch of
UKIP.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;">
<b>The Grounds of Appeal</b></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>31.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Before this court, Mr Engelman restricted his
submissions to pursuit of five of the grounds of appeal advanced in his
original skeleton argument.<span> </span>He does not
pursue any appeal in respect of the quantum of damages ordered by the judge
should the appeal(s) on liability fail.<span>
</span></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>32.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>I shall deal first with that ground which relates to
the judge’s belated joinder of the Stockton-on-Tees Branch of UKIP as a defendant
for the purposes of his judgment. I have already touched upon this aspect in
paragraph 4 above.<span> </span></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>33.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>In the course of his submissions to the Judge, Mr
Holland, counsel who represented UKIP below, aired the suggestion in relation
to the actions of Mr Parkin that under the Constitution and Rules of UKIP, the
Branch had the status of an autonomous unit responsible through its chairman
for the administration of its own affairs (see Rules1-3) and thus the Branch
rather than UKIP was the appropriate defendant in respect of any wrongful
actions on the part of its chairman Mr Parkin. When the Judge expressed doubt
and concern at the ramifications of this argument, the position was reached
whereby counsel, having taken instructions from UKIP, accepted that UKIP were
the appropriate defendant answerable in respect of Mr Parkin’s actions and the
events in 2009.<span> </span>Mr Holland explained
that he did not represent the Branch as an entity and was in no position to
take instructions on behalf of its members before close of submissions at the
end of the afternoon, a position which the judge appeared to accept.
Thereafter, there was no further communication on that topic between counsel
and the judge before the handing down of the reserved judgment and the making
of the order which I have quoted in paragraph 6 above.</div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>34.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>It seems clear to me that, the judge was in error in subsequently
deciding to join the Branch as a party in the proceedings for the purposes of
his judgment. </div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>35.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>First, the members of the local Branch (unlike UKIP)
enjoy no corporate identity which enables them to be sued in their own name as a
single entity. Considered as a group they were no more than an unincorporated
association consisting of a finite number of members who, whilst potentially
amenable to suit under the provisions of CPR 19.6, might or might not have been
aware of the claim and had no opportunity to consider their position or make
representations in relation thereto. </div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>36.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Second, given the acceptance on behalf of UKIP that it
was answerable for the actions of Mr Parkin, such joinder was quite
unnecessary. </div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>37.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Third, it was not an amendment sought by Mr Hardy who,
before this court, expressed himself content that UKIP should be answerable for
his claim on the basis of its liability for the actions of Mr Parkin as the
Branch Chairman in 2009. I would therefore set aside the joinder of the Branch
as a Party in the proceedings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
38. <span> </span>The second ground of
appeal relates to the judgment against Mr Parkin.<span> </span>Mr Engelman submits that, whatever the
position in relation to UKIP (see further below), there was no contractual
nexus between Mr Hardy and Mr Parkin on the basis of which to give judgment
against Mr Parkin.<span> </span>It was not in dispute
between the parties that, in all his dealings with Mr Hardy, Mr Parkin was
acting in his capacity as Chairman of the Stockton-on-Tees Branch of UKIP (and
not in his personal capacity as a mere fellow member), in relation to whose
actions counsel acknowledged UKIP to be liable in the course of argument (see
paragraph 33 above).<span> </span>Furthermore, at
paragraph 16 of the judgment, the Judge accepted counsel’s submission that it
was the law of contract which fell to be applied in ascertaining the rights of
the parties inter se, which rights derived from the Constitution and Rules
(paragraph 16 of judgment).<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
39. <span> </span>Again, it seems to me
that Mr Engelman is correct in his submission as to the contractual position
and, although Mr Parkin’s conduct falls for examination as an agent of UKIP for
whose actions UKIP is answerable, I would allow the appeal insofar as it
relates to Mr Parkin personally.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
40.<span> </span>The third ground of
appeal was but faintly pursued by Mr Engelman and can be dealt with
shortly.<span> </span>Before the judge below, and
indeed in his Skeleton Argument as filed, Mr Engelman relied on rule 3.8.1 as
vesting in Mr Hardy, as Chairman of the Branch, the authority to ban Mr Hardy
from attending future branch meetings.<span>
</span>Before this Court, Mr Engelman expressly abandoned reliance upon rule
3.8.1 in that regard.<span> </span>Nonetheless, he
submitted that, in writing his letter of 11 September 2009, Mr Parkin was doing
no more than exercise in advance a power inherent in the Chairman of a Branch
meeting to preserve order and control disruptive behaviour by members in
attendance, such advance exercise being justified by Mr Parkin’s earlier
experience in Branch meetings.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
41.<span> </span>In my view that is an
untenable submission and the Judge was right to find as he did for the reasons
summarised at paragraph 29(3) above.<span> </span>The
Judge’s observations that the letter “<i>effectively
suspended</i>” Mr Hardy’s membership (paragraph 18 of the judgment) was plainly
correct.<span> </span>It amounted to a summary and
indefinite ban from participation in the affairs of the Branch, for which no
authority was to be found in the Constitution or Rules and without the
invocation of any of the procedural safeguards provided in the Rules or the
disciplinary function of the UKIP Disciplinary Committee (see clause 14 of the
Constitution).<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
42.<span> </span>The fourth ground of
appeal relates to the Judge’s collective treatment of the correspondence
together with Mr Arnott’s Memorandum in reaching his conclusion that UKIP “<i>purported to expel</i>” Mr Hardy from
membership of UKIP.<span> </span></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
43.<span> </span>It focuses on
two passages in the judgment.<span> </span>The first
appears at paragraph 14 where the judge, having recited the facts (including
reference to those documents) stated:</div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
“<i>Thus on these facts I
have no hesitation in finding that in effect both Mr Parkin and UKIP purported
to expel Mr Hardy from the membership of Branch and Party.<span> </span>Was either entitled in law to do so?”</i></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
<span>44.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>The second passage appears at paragraph 19 of the
judgment where, having considered the actions of Mr Parkin and described them as
effectively amounting to a<span> </span>suspension of
Mr Hardy’s membership, the<span> </span>judge stated:<span> </span></div>
<div class="Quote" style="color: blue;">
“<i>19. The effect of such an
act is compounded by the impression unwittingly given by Mrs Duffy but
unambiguously announced by Mr Arnott by his general message of 10
September.<span> </span>The only reference sensibly
to be drawn is that the senior party officers were backing and reinforcing Mr
Parkin’s act and were not having Mr Hardy back”.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
45.<span> </span>In short, Mr Engelman
submits that neither the actions of Mr Parkin as Branch Chairman, culminating
in his letter of 11 September, nor Miss Duffy, by her letters of 19 February or
23 March, purported to expel Mr Hardy.<span>
</span>Mr Engelman submits that Mr Parkin’s letter was simply an action taken
at Branch level which, whether or not it amounted to a breach of the Constitution
and/or Rules, was no more than a denial or a suspension of Mr Hardy’s right to
attend Branch meetings.<span> </span>Miss Duffy’s
letters were in turn no more than a holding operation enabling the matter of Mr
Hardy’s renewal of membership to be considered by the National Executive
Committee rather than being rubber-stamped in the usual way.<span> </span>So far as Mr Arnott’s Memorandum was
concerned, Mr Engelman conceded that its effect was indicative of an intention
to expel at that post-proceedings stage, but submitted that the Judge was in
error in using its content to construe an intent to expel on the part of UKIP
as at the commencement of proceedings.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
46.<span> </span>I do not consider that
Mr Engelman’s submissions afford any grounds to undermine the findings of the
Judge or Mr Hardy’s entitlement to the relief he obtained against UKIP.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
47.<span> </span>In order for Mr Hardy
to establish a cause of action and/or grounds for relief against UKIP at trial,
it was necessary for him to establish a substantial interference with his
rights in the form of a breach or breaches of his contract of membership as
provided in the Constitution and Rules, and it is clear from the Judge’s
findings that he did so.<span> </span>In this respect
it is to be noted that, despite the pejorative force of the term “expulsion”, it
is not a term of art.<span> </span>In the context of
a claim by a member of a trade union or other association, it means no more or
less than a termination by the association of the claimant’s membership against
that member’s will.<span> </span>Such expulsion may
or may not be lawful depending upon the terms of the membership contract (in
particular in relation to disciplinary matters) and the reasons for the action
taken.<span> </span>The term “expulsion” may usefully
be used in contrast with “suspension” which involves temporary and/or indefinite
interruption or removal of membership rights short of termination, but either
will entitle the claimant to a remedy if proved to have been imposed in breach
of contract.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
48.<span> </span>In this case, as I
have already indicated (see paragraph 34 above), the Judge made a clear and
correct finding that Mr Parkin’s letter effectively suspended Mr Hardy’s
membership rights, and that his actions were in breach of the Constitution and
Rules and the rules of natural justice (see paragraph 18 of Judgment).<span> </span>These were of course actions for which UKIP
was liable as accepted by Counsel before the Judge (see paragraph 31
above).<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
49.<span> </span>Against the background
that Mr Hardy had already started proceedings against Mr Parkin in respect of
his suspension, Miss Duffy wrote her letter of 19 February refusing immediate
renewal of Mr Hardy’s membership and returning his cheque.<span> </span>She did so despite the fact that there were
no good grounds for such refusal and, indeed, the necessity for Mr Hardy to
maintain his subscription if he were to be considered a member in good standing
(see Constitution at 4.4, (4.9 and 4.10).<span>
</span>That in turn was a breach of contract, the effect of which meant that,
at the date of proceedings, Mr Hardy had ceased to be a member, thereby
exposing him to the risk on reapplication of an adverse decision as to his
acceptability as a member by the National Executive Committee, despite the fact
that his former connection to the BNP was well known to the Party Chairman and
other senior officers of UKIP.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
50.<span> </span>That was the position
in which matters stood when the consolidated actions were tried before the
Judge, save that the risk to Mr Hardy of refusal on reapplication had developed
into a certainty.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
51.<span> </span>There had, of course,
been two material letters written <i>after</i>
the proceedings against UKIP commenced.<span>
</span>The first was Miss Duffy’s letter dated 23 March 2010 which indicated that, should Mr Hardy choose
to reapply for membership, the National Executive Committee would have no
objection “<i>on the information currently available</i>”.<span> </span>However such an indication did not remove the
effect of Miss Duffy’s earlier letter, but rather affirmed it as an assertion
that Mr Hardy’s membership had lapsed, that he did not currently enjoy the
status of membership of UKIP, but could apply for membership (with the
likelihood of a favourable outcome) if he chose to do so:<span> </span>(paragraph 13 of the judgment).<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
52.<span> </span>Without receiving any
response or reapplication from Mr Hardy, however, the stance of UKIP vis-à-vis
reinstatement of his membership was set out in Mr Arnott’s Memorandum of 8 September 2010.<span> </span>At the same time as misstating the position
as at March 2010 in the first paragraph, Mr Arnott made clear that any new
application for membership from Mr Hardy would be rejected.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
53.<span> </span>The Judge was
therefore right to hold in general terms that the cumulative effect of the
communications between the parties was a purported expulsion of Mr Hardy from
membership of UKIP, thereby entitling Mr Hardy to the relief he was granted
against UKIP in the form of a declaration as to his continuing membership and
damages in respect of the interference with his membership rights.<span> </span>So far as his “expulsion” was concerned, Mr
Hardy’s right to a declaration in that respect had accrued as a result of Mrs
Duffy’s letter of 19 February prior to his commencement of proceedings against
UKIP.<span> </span>However, in the light of the arguments
as to the ambiguity of his then position raised before the judge at trial, it
was nonetheless appropriate for the Judge to consider the<span> </span>position as it appeared at the date of trial
for the purposes of determining the nature and extent of the relief to which Mr
Hardy was entitled.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
54.<span> </span>It was in these
circumstances that the judge made the findings of “purported expulsion” which
Mr Engelman criticises.<span> </span>As already
indicated, in my view those criticisms do not constitute any ground for interference
with the judge’s decision or the relief which he granted against UKIP.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
55.<span> </span>Mr Engelman’s fifth
ground of appeal relates to certain passages in the judgment where, in deciding
whether or not Mr Parkin and/or UKIP had acted lawfully or unlawfully, he
invoked the doctrine of reasonableness and proportionality.<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
56.<span> </span>Again I consider that
there is no substance in this ground of appeal.<span>
</span>Reference to the proportionality principle first surfaces at paragraph
16 of the judgment where the Judge records a submission of Mr Holland in terms
which are somewhat difficult to follow:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
“…<i>as</i> t<i>he
Constitution does not provide for expulsion and where they are silent as to the
procedure of the rules of natural justice and that of a fair trial are to be
applied, and where this last applies the claimant </i>[sic]<i> needs to prove that his case was dealt with by a reasonable and
proportionate response in all the circumstances of the case.</i>”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.15pt;">
It seems to me that the reference to “<i>the claimant</i>” is a mistake for the defendant.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
57.<span> </span>Thereafter the judge
makes three references to the principle of proportionality.<span> </span>The first two are at paragraphs 17 and 18 of
the judgment, in relation to Mr Parkin’s action in banning Mr Hardy’s
attendance at future Branch meetings.<span>
</span>The third is in a more general context namely whether, having regard to
his political views and the fact that the Stockton
branch was the only branch to which he could belong by reason of his place of
abode. Mr Hardy was “<i>treated fairly,
reasonably, proportionately and in accordance with the Branch Rules by Mr
Parkin and UKIP</i>” (paragraph 20 of the judgment).<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
58.<span> </span>Mr Engelman submits that
concepts of reasonableness and proportionately which are appropriate to
Judicial Review and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights are
not similarly applicable in relation to the private contractual rules of an
association, which, at most, attract the principles of good faith, natural
justice and the right to a fair trial.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
59.<span> </span>In that respect, it
seems to me that Mr Engelman’s submission is correct, but I fail to see that it
is a point which assists him in this case.<span>
</span>As I have already indicated, the judge held UKIP liable on the basis of
the true construction of the rules and UKIP’s failure to follow the
requirements of natural justice.<span> </span>If, in
reaching his decision, the judge also considered the requirements of
reasonableness and proportionality, such consideration was to the potential
advantage of UKIP albeit, in the event, the judge held that such requirements
were not satisfied.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<b>Conclusion</b></div>
<div class="ParaNoNumber" style="color: blue; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -46.5pt;">
60.<span> </span>(1)<span> </span>I
would allow the appeal of Mr Parkin and set aside the judgment against
him.<span> </span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>(2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">I would set aside the judgment
below insofar as it purports to apply to the Stockton-on-Tees Branch of
UKIP.<span> </span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>(3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">I would dismiss the
appeal of UKIP. Consequential amendments to the wording of the Order below will
be required to reflect (1) and (2) above.</span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ParaNoNumber" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt;">
<b>Lord Justice Tomlinson:<span> </span></b></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1" style="color: blue;">
61. <span> </span>I agree.<b><span> </span></b></div>
<div class="ParaNoNumber" style="color: blue; margin-left: 36pt;">
<b>Lord Justice Ward </b>:<span> </span></div>
<div class="ParaLevel1">
<span style="color: blue;">62.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>I also agree. </span><a href="" name="_GoBack"></a></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
.
<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;"> </span></b>
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Regards, <br />
Greg L-W.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">
</span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.
<br />
<div>
</div>
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b>
<br />
<div>
</div>
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry:
Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">TWITTER: Greg_LW</span><h4 class="zemanta-related-title">
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</div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-64499287917321417302011-05-01T14:35:00.001+01:002011-05-01T14:41:32.182+01:00#GD040* - William Lord BEVERIDGE - Report Abstract Nov. 1942#GD040* - William Lord BEVERIDGE - Report Abstract Nov. 1942<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Report by <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beveridge" rel="wikipedia" title="William Beveridge">Sir William Beveridge</a></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Presented to Parliament by Command of His Majesty</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>November 1942</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" rel="wikipedia" title="Office of Public Sector Information">HMSO</a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>CMND 6404</b></div><br />
What follows is what would these days be called an executive summary of the report, together with the detailed section on Assumptions, Methods and Principles. The full report runs to 300 pages.<br />
<br />
THREE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
6. In proceeding from this first comprehensive survey of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_insurance" rel="wikipedia" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> to the next task - of making recommendations - three guiding principles may be laid down at the outset.<br />
<br />
7. The first principle is that any proposals for the future, while they should use to the full the experience gathered in the past, should not be restricted by consideration of sectional interests established in the obtaining of that experience. Now, when the war is abolishing landmarks of every kind, is the opportunity for using experience in a clear field. A revolutionary moment in the world’s history is a time for revolutions, not for patching.<br />
<br />
8. The second principle is that organisation of social insurance should be treated as one part only of a comprehensive policy of social progress. Social insurance fully developed may provide income security; it is an attack upon Want. But Want is one only of five giants on the road of reconstruction and in some ways the easiest to attack. The others are Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness.<br />
<br />
9. The third principle is that social security must be achieved by co-operation between the State and the individual. The State should offer security for service and contribution. The State in organising security should not stifle incentive, opportunity, responsibility ; in establishing a national minimum, it should leave room and encouragement for voluntary action by each individual to provide more than that minimum for himself and his family.<br />
<br />
10. The Plan for <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_%28United_States%29" rel="wikipedia" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> set out in this Report is built upon these principles. It uses experience but is not tied by experience. It is put forward as a limited contribution to a wider social policy, though as something that could be achieved now without waiting for the whole of that policy. It is, first and foremost, a plan of insurance - of giving in return for contributions benefits up to subsistence level, as of right and without means test, so that individuals may build freely upon it.<br />
<br />
THE WAY TO <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" rel="wikipedia" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">FREEDOM FROM WANT</a><br />
11. The work of the Inter-departmental Committee began with a reviews of existing schemes of social insurance and allied services. The Plan for Social Security, with which that work ends, starts from a diagnosis of want - of the circumstances in which, in the years just preceding the present war families and individuals in Britain might lack the means of healthy subsistence. During those years impartial scientific authorities made <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_research" rel="wikipedia" title="Social research">social surveys</a> of the conditions of life in a number of principal towns in Britain, including London, Liverpool, Sheffield, Plymouth, Southampton, York and Bristol. They determined the proportions of the people in each town whose means were below the standard assumed to be necessary for subsistence, and they analysed the extent and causes of that deficiency. From each of these social surveys the same broad result emerges. Of all the want shown by the surveys, from three-quarters to five-sixths, according to the precise standard chosen for want, was due to interruption or loss of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income" rel="wikipedia" title="Income">earning power</a>. Practically the whole of the remaining one-quarter to one-sixth was due to failure to relate income during earning to the size of the family. These surveys were made before the introduction of supplementary pensions had reduced the amount of poverty amongst old persons. But this does not affect the main conclusion to be drawn from these surveys: abolition of want requires a double re-distribution of income, through social insurance and by family needs.<br />
<br />
12. Abolition of want requires, first, improvement of State insurance that is to say provision against interruption and loss of earning power All the principal causes of interruption or loss of earnings are now the subject of schemes of social insurance. If, in spite of these schemes, so many persons unemployed or sick or old or widowed are found to be without adequate income for subsistence according to the standards adopted in the social surveys, this means that the benefits amount to less than subsistence by those standards or do not last as long as the need, and that the assistance which supplements insurance is either insufficient in amount or available only on terms which make men unwilling to have recourse to it. None of the insurance benefits provided before the war were in fact designed with reference to the standards of the social surveys. Though unemployment benefit was not altogether out of relation to those standards, sickness and disablement benefit, <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension" rel="wikipedia" title="Pension">old age pensions</a> and widows’ pensions were far below them, while workmen’s compensation was below subsistence level for anyone who had family responsibilities or whose earnings in work were less than twice the amount needed for subsistence. To prevent interruption or destruction of earning power from leading to want, it is necessary to improve the present schemes of social insurance in three directions : by extension of scope to cover persons now excluded, by extension of purposes to cover risks now excluded, and by raising the rates of benefit.<br />
<br />
13. Abolition of want requires, second, adjustment of incomes, in periods of earning as well as in interruption of earning, to family needs, that is to say, in one form or another it requires allowances for children. Without such allowances as part of benefit -or added to it, to make provision for large families, no social insurance against interruption of earnings can be adequate. But, if children’s allowances are given only when earnings are interrupted and are not given during earning also, two evils are unavoidable. First, a substantial measure of acute want will remain among the lower paid workers as the accompaniment of large families. Second, in all such cases, income will be greater during unemployment or other interruptions of work than during work.<br />
<br />
14. By a double re-distribution of income through social insurance and children’s allowances, want, as defined in the social surveys, could have been abolished in Britain before the present war. As is shown in para. 445, the income available to the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.5,-0.116666666667&spn=10.0,10.0&q=51.5,-0.116666666667%20%28United%20Kingdom%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="United Kingdom">British</a> people was ample for such a purpose. The Plan for Social Security set out in Part V of this Report takes abolition of want after this war as its aim. It includes as its main method compulsory social insurance, with national assistance and voluntary insurance as subsidiary, methods. It assumes allowances for dependent children, as part of its background. The plan assumes also establishment of comprehensive health and rehabilitation services and maintenance of employment, that is to say avoidance of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment" rel="wikipedia" title="Unemployment">mass unemployment</a>, as necessary conditions of success in social insurance. These three measures - of children’s allowances, health and rehabilitation and maintenance of employment-are described as assumptions A,B and C of the plan ; they fall partly within and partly without the plan extending into other fields of social policy. They are discussed, not in the detailed exposition of the plan in Part V of the Report, but in Part VI, which is concerned with social security in relation to wider issues.<br />
<br />
15. The plan is based on a diagnosis of want. It starts from facts, from the condition of the people as revealed by social surveys between the two wars. It takes account of two other facts about the British community, arising out of past movements of the birth rate and the death rate, which should dominate planning for its future; the main effects of these movements in determining the present and future of the British people are shown by Table XI in para. 234. The first of the two facts is the age constitution of the population, making it certain that persons past the age that is now regarded as the end of working life will be a much larger proportion of the whole community than at any time in the past. The second fact is the low reproduction rate of the British community today: unless this rate is raised very materially in the near future, a rapid and continuous decline of the population cannot be prevented. The first fact makes it necessary to seek ways of postponing the age of retirement from work rather than of hastening It. The second fact makes it imperative to give first place in social expenditure to the care of childhood and to the safeguarding of maternity.<br />
<br />
16. The provision to be made for old age represents the largest and most growing element in any social insurance scheme. The problem of age is discussed accordingly in Part III of the Report as one of three special problems; the measures proposed for dealing with this problem are summarised in paras. 254-257. Briefly, the proposal is to introduce for all citizens adequate pensions without means test by stages over a transition period of twenty years, while providing immediate assistance pensions for persons requiring them. In adopting a transition period for pensions as of right, while meeting immediate needs subject to consideration of means, the Plan for Social Security in Britain follows the precedent of New Zealand. The final rate of pensions in New Zealand is higher than that proposed in this Plan, but is reached only after a transition period of twenty-eight years as compared with twenty years suggested here; after twenty years, the New Zealand rate is not very materially different from the basic rate proposed for Britain. The New Zealand pensions are not conditional upon retirement from work ; for Britain it is proposed that they should be retirement pensions and that persons who continue at work and postpone retirement should be able to increase their pensions above the basic rate. The New Zealand scheme is less favourable than the plan for Britain in starting at a lower level ; it is more favourable some other respects. Broadly the two schemes for two communities of the British race are plans on the same lines to solve the same problem of passage from pensions based on need to pensions paid as of right to all citizens in virtue of contribution.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF PLAN FOR SOCIAL SECURITY<br />
17. The main feature of the Plan for Social Security is a scheme of social insurance against interruption and destruction of earning power and for special expenditure arising at birth, marriage or death. The scheme embodies six fundamental principles : flat rate of subsistence benefit ; flat rate of contribution ; unification of administrative responsibility; adequacy of benefit ; comprehensiveness ; and classification. These principles are explained in paras. 303-309. Based on them and in combination with national assistance and voluntary insurance as subsidiary methods, the aim of the Plan for Social Security is to make want under any circumstances unnecessary.<br />
<br />
18. A plan which is designed to cover so many varieties of human circumstance must be long and detailed. It must contain proposals of differing orders of certainty and importance. In preparing the Report, the question arose naturally as to how far it was necessary at this stage to enter into details, and whether it might not be preferable to deal with principles only. For two reasons it has appeared desirable, in place of giving an outline only, to set the proposals out in as much detail as the time allowed. The first reason is that the principles underlying any practical reform can be judged only by seeing how they would work in practice. The second reason is that if a Plan for Social Security is to come into operation when the war ends or soon after, there is no time to lose in getting the plan prepared as fully as possible. The many details set forth in Part V are neither exhaustive nor final; they are put forward as a basis of discussion, but their formulation will, it is hoped, shorten subsequent discussion. Even among the major proposals of the Report there are differences of importance and of relevance to the scheme as a whole. There are some proposals which, though important and desirable in themselves, could be omitted without changing anything else in the scheme. Three in particular in the list of major changes in para. 30 have this character and are placed in square brackets to indicate it. This does not mean that everything not bracketed is essential and must be taken or left as a whole. The six principles named above and all that is implied in them are fundamental ; the rest of the scheme can be adjusted without changing its character: all rates of benefit and all details are by nature subject to amendment.<br />
<br />
19. The main provisions of the plan may be summarised as follows:<br />
<br />
(i) The plan covers all citizens without upper income limit, but. has regard to their different ways of life ; it is a plan all-embracing in scope of persons and of needs, but is classified in application.<br />
<br />
(ii) In relation to social security the population falls into four main classes of working age and two others below and above working age respectively, as follows:<br />
<br />
I.Employees, that is, persons whose normal occupation is employment under contract of service.<br />
II.Others gainfully occupied, including employers, traders and independent workers of all kinds.<br />
III.Housewives, that is married women of working age.<br />
IV.Others of working age not gainfully occupied.<br />
V.Below working age.<br />
VI.Retired above working age.<br />
(iii) The sixth of these classes will receive retirement pensions and the fifth will be covered by children’s allowances, which will be paid from the National Exchequer in respect of all children when the responsible parent is in receipt of insurance benefit or pension, and in respect of all children except one in other cases. The four other classes will be insured for security appropriate to their circumstances. All classes will be covered for comprehensive medical treatment and rehabilitation and for funeral expenses.<br />
<br />
(iv) Every person in Class I, II or IV will pay a single security contribution by a stamp on a single insurance document each week or combination of weeks. In Class I the employer also will contribute, affixing the insurance stamp and deducting the employee’s share from wages or salary. The contribution will differ from one class to another, according to the benefits provided, and will be higher for men than for women, so as to secure benefits for Class Ill.<br />
<br />
(v) Subject to simple contribution conditions, every person in Class I will receive benefit for unemployment and disability, pension on retirement, medical treatment and funeral expenses. Persons in Class II will receive all these except unemployment benefit and disability benefit during the first 13 weeks of disability. Persons in Class IV will receive all these except unemployment and disability benefit. As a substitute for unemployment benefit, training benefit will be available to persons in all classes other than Class 1, to assist them to find new livelihoods if their present ones fail. Maternity grant, provision for widowhood and separation and qualification for retirement pensions will be secured to all persons in Class III by virtue of their husbands’ contributions ; in addition to maternity grant, housewives who take paid work will receive maternity benefit for thirteen weeks to enable them to give up working before and after childbirth.<br />
<br />
(vi) Unemployment benefit, disability benefit, basic retirement pension after a transition period, and training benefit will be at the same rate, irrespective of previous earnings. This rate will provide by itself the income necessary for subsistence in all normal cases. There will be a joint rate for a man and wife who is not gainfully occupied. Where there is no wife or she is gainfully occupied, there will be a lower single rate ; where there is no wife but a dependant above the age for children’s allowance, there will be a dependant allowance. Maternity benefit for housewives who work also for gain will be at a higher rate than the single rate in unemployment or disability, while their unemployment and disability benefit will be at a lower rate ; there are special rates also for widowhood as described below. With these exceptions all rates of benefit will be the same for men and for women. Disability due to industrial accident or disease will be treated like all other disability for the first thirteen weeks ; if disability continues thereafter, disability benefit at a flat rate will be replaced by an industrial pension related to the earnings of the individual subject to a minimum and a maximum.<br />
<br />
(vii) Unemployment benefit will continue at the same rate without means test so long as unemployment lasts, but will normally be subject to a condition of attendance at a work or training centre after a certain period. Disability benefit will continue at the same rate without means test, so long as disability lasts or till it is replaced by industrial pension, subject to acceptance of suitable medical treatment or vocational training.<br />
<br />
i.Pensions (other than industrial) will be paid only on retirement from work. They may be claimed at any time after the minimum age of retirement, that is 65 for men and 60 for women. The rate of pension will be increased above the basic rate if retirement is postponed. Contributory pensions as of right will be raised to the full basic rate gradually during a transition period of twenty years, in which adequate pensions according to needs will be paid to all persons requiring them. The position of existing pensioners will be safeguarded.<br />
ii.While permanent pensions will no longer be granted to widows of working age without dependent children, there will be for all widows a temporary benefit at a higher rate than unemployment or disability benefit, followed by training benefit where necessary. For widows with the care of dependent children there will be guardian benefit, in addition. to the children’s allowances, adequate for subsistence without other means. The position of existing widows on pension will be safeguarded.<br />
(x) For the limited number of cases of need not covered by social insurance, national assistance subject to a uniform means test will be available.<br />
<br />
(xi) Medical treatment covering all requirements will be provided for all citizens by a national health service organised under the health departments and post-medical rehabilitation treatment will be provided for all persons capable of profiting by it.<br />
<br />
(xii) A Ministry of Social Security will be established, responsible for social insurance, national assistance and encouragement and supervision of voluntary insurance and will take over, so far as necessary for these purposes, the present work of other Government Departments and of 1-ocal Authorities in these fields.<br />
<br />
THE NATURE OF SOCIAL INSURANCE<br />
20. Under the scheme of social insurance, which forms the main feature of this plan, every citizen of working age will contribute in his appropriate class according to the security that he needs, or as a married woman will have contributions made by the husband. Each will be covered for all his needs by a single weekly contribution on one insurance document. All the principal cash payments-for unemployment, disability and retirement win continue so long as the need lasts, without means test, and will be paid from a Social Insurance Fund built up by contributions from the insured persons, from their employers, if any, and from the State. This is in accord with two views as to the lines on which the problem of income maintenance should be approached.<br />
<br />
21. The first view is that benefit in return for contributions, rather than free allowances from the State, is what the people of Britain desire. This desire is shown both by the established popularity of compulsory insurance, and by the phenomenal growth of voluntary insurance against sickness, against death and for endowment, and most recently for hospital treatment It is shown in another way by the strength of popular objection to any kind of means test. This objection springs not so much from a desire to get everything for nothing, as from resentment at a provision which appears to penalise what people have come to regard as the duty and pleasure of thrift, of putting pennies away for a rainy day. Management of one’s income is an essential element of a citizen’s freedom. Payment of a substantial part of the cost of benefit as a contribution irrespective of the means of the contributor is the firm basis of a claim to benefit irrespective of means.<br />
<br />
22. The second view is that whatever money is required for provision of insurance benefits, so long as they are needed, should come from a Fund to which the recipients have contributed and to which they may be required to make larger contributions if the Fund proves inadequate. The plan adopted since 1930 in regard to prolonged unemployment and sometimes suggested for prolonged disability, that the State should take this burden off insurance, in order to keep the contribution down, is wrong in principle. The insured persons should not feel that income for idleness, however caused, can come from a bottomless purse. The Government should not feel that by paying doles it can avoid the major responsibility of seeing that unemployment and disease are reduced to the minimum. The place for direct expenditure and organisation by the State is in maintaining employment of the labour and other productive resources of the country, and in preventing and combating disease, not in patching an incomplete scheme of insurance.<br />
<br />
23. The State cannot be excluded altogether from giving direct assistance to individuals in need, after examination of their means. However comprehensive an insurance scheme, some, through physical infirmity, can never contribute at all and some will fall through the meshes of any insurance. The making of insurance benefit without means test unlimited in duration involves of itself that conditions must be imposed at some stage or another as to how men in receipt of benefit shall use their time, so as to fit themselves or to keep themselves fit for service ; imposition of any condition means that the condition may not be fulfilled and that a case of assistance may arise. Moreover for one of the main purposes of social insurance-provision for old age or retirement-the contributory principle implies contribution for a substantial number of years ; in the introduction of adequate contributory pensions there must be a period of transition during which those who have not qualified for pension by contribution but are in need have their needs met by assistance pensions. National assistance is an essential subsidiary method in the whole Plan for Social Security , and the work of the Assistance Board shows that assistance subject to means test can be administered with sympathetic justice and discretion taking full account of individual circumstances. But the scope of assistance will be narrowed from the beginning and will diminish throughout the transition period for pensions. The scheme of social insurance is designed of itself when in full operation to guarantee the income needed for subsistence in all normal cases.<br />
<br />
The scheme is described as a scheme of insurance, because it preserves the contributory principle. It is described as social insurance to mark important distinctions from voluntary insurance. In the first place, while adjustment of premiums to risks is of the essence of voluntary insurance, since without this individuals would not of their own will insure, this adjustment is not essential in insurance which is made compulsory by the power of the State. In the second place, in providing for actuarial risks such as those of death, old age or sickness, it is necessary in voluntary insurance to fund contributions paid in early life in order to provide for the increasing risks of later life and to accumulate reserves against individual liabilities. The State with its power of compelling successive generations of citizens to become insured and its power of taxation is not under the necessity of accumulating reserves for actuarial risks and has not, in fact, adopted this method in the past. The second of these two distinctions is one of financial practice only ; the first raises important questions of policy and equity. Though the State, in conducting compulsory insurance, is not under the necessity of varying the premium according to the risk, it may decide as a matter of policy to do so. <br />
24. When State insurance began in Britain, it was felt that compulsory insurance should be like voluntary insurance in adjusting premiums to risks. This was secured in health insurance by the system of Approved Societies. It was intended to be secured in unemployment insurance by variation of contribution rates between industries as soon as accurate valuation became possible, by encouragement of special schemes of insurance by industry, and by return of contributions to individuals who made no claims. In the still earlier institution of workmen’s compensation, adjustment of premiums to industrial risks was a necessary consequence of the form in which provision for industrial accidents was made, by placing liability on employers individually and leaving them to insure voluntarily against their liability. In the thirty years since 1912, there has been an unmistakable movement of public opinion away from these original ideas, that is to say, away from the principle of adjusting premiums to risks in compulsory insurance and in favour of pooling risks. This change has been most marked and most complete in regard to unemployment, where, in the general scheme, insurance by industry, in place of covering a large part of the field, has been reduced to historical exceptions; today the common argument is that the volume of unemployment in an industry is not to any effective extent within its control; that all industries depend upon one another, and that those which are fortunate in being regular should share the cost of unemployment in those which are less regular. The same tendency of opinion in favour of pooling of social risks has shown itself in the views expressed by the great majority of witnesses to the present Committee in regard to health insurance. In regard to workmen’s compensation, the same argument has been put by the Mineworkers’ Federation to the Royal Commission on Workmen s Compensation; as other industries cannot exist without coalmining, they have proposed that employers in all industries should bear equally the cost of industrial accidents and disease, in coalmining as elsewhere. <br />
<br />
26. There is here an issue of principle and practice on which strong arguments can be advanced on each side by reasonable men. But the general tendency of public opinion seems clear. After trial of a different principle, it has been found to accord best with the sentiments of the British people that in insurance organised by the community by use of compulsory power, each individual should stand in on the same terms; none should claim to pay less because he is healthier or has more regular employment. In accord with that view, the proposals of the Report mark another step forward to the development of State insurance as a new type of human institution, differing both from the former methods of preventing or alleviating distress and from voluntary insurance. The term "social insurance" to describe this institution implies both that it is compulsory and that men stand together with their fellows. The term implies a pooling of risks except so far as separation of risks serves a social purpose. There may be reasons of social policy for adjusting premiums to risks, in order to give a stimulus for avoidance of danger, as in the case of industrial accident and disease. There is no longer an admitted claim of the individual citizen to share in national insurance and yet to stand outside it, keeping the advantage of his individual lower risk whether of unemployment or of disease or accident.<br />
<br />
PROVISIONAL RATES OF BENEFIT AND CONTRIBUTION<br />
27.Social insurance should aim at guaranteeing the minimum income needed for subsistence. What the actual rates of benefit and contribution should be in terms of money cannot be settled now, and that for two reasons. First, it is impossible today to forecast with assurance the level of prices after the war. Second, determination of what is required for reasonable human subsistence is to some extent a matter of judgment; estimates on this point change with time, and generally, in a progressive community, change upwards. The procedure adopted to deal with this problem has been: first, from consideration of subsistence needs, as given by impartial expert authorities, to determine the weekly incomes which would have been sufficient for subsistence in normal cases at prices ruling in 1938 ; second, to derive from these the rates appropriate to a cost of living about 25% above that of 1938. These rates of benefit, pension and grant are set out in para. 401 as provisional post-war rates; by reference to them it is possible to set forth simply what appears to be the most appropriate relation between different benefits and what would be the cost of each benefit and of all benefits together ; it is possible to show benefits in relation to contributions and taxation. But the provisional rates themselves are not essential. If the value of money when the scheme comes into operation differs materially from the assumptions on which the provisional rates are based, the rates could be changed without affecting the scheme in any important particular. If social policy should demand benefits on a higher scale than subsistence, the whole level of benefit and contribution rates could be raised without affecting the structure of the scheme. If social policy or financial stringency should dictate benefits on a lower scale, benefits and contributions could be lowered, though not perhaps so readily or without some adjustments within the scheme.<br />
<br />
28. The most important of the provisional rates is the rate of 40/- a week for a man and wife in unemployment and disability and after the transition in addition to allowances for children at an average of 8/- per head per week. These amounts represent a large addition to existing benefits. They will mean that in unemployment and disability a man and wife if she is not working, with two children, will receive 56/- a week without means test so long as unemployment or disability lasts, as compared with the 33/- in unemployment and the 15/- or 7/6 in sickness, with additional benefit in some Approved Societies, which they were getting before the war. For married women gainfully occupied, there will be a maternity benefit at the rate of 36/- a week for 13 weeks, in addition to the maternity grant of £4 available for all married women.. Other rates, as for widowhood and for industrial disability, show similar increases, as set out in detail in paragraph. 284, in dealing with the Social Security Budget. There will be new benefits for funerals, marriage and other needs, as well as comprehensive medical treatment, both domiciliary and institutional, for all citizens and their dependants which, subject to further enquiry suggested in para. 437, will be without a charge on treatment at any point. At these provisional rates, the total Security Budget, including children’s allowances and free health and rehabilitation services, is estimated to amount to £697,000,000 in 1945 as the first year of the plan, and £858,000,000 twenty years after, in 1965. The extent to which these sums represent new expenditure which is not now being incurred and the division of the total cost between insured persons, their employers and the Exchequer are discussed in Part IV of the Report and provisional rates of contribution are suggested in para. 403. The most important of these is the contribution of 4/3 a week by an adult man in employment and 3/3 a week from his employer. At this rate, with corresponding rates for other classes, the contribution of insured employees in class I for cash benefits, when the plan, including contributory pensions, is in full operation, is estimated to amount to about 25 per cent. of the cost of their cash benefits exclusive of allowances for children ; the balance will be provided by the employers’ contributions and by taxation based on capacity to pay. At the outset, the contributions of insured persons will represent a larger proportion of the total cost ; the net addition to the burden on the National Exchequer in the first year, as compared with expenditure under the existing arrangements, will be about £86,000,000.<br />
<br />
29. The attempt to fix rates of insurance benefit and pension on a scientific basis with regard to subsistence needs has brought to notice a serious difficulty in doing so in the conditions of modern Britain. This is the problem of rent discussed in paras. 197-216. In this as in other respects, the framing of a satisfactory scheme of social security depends on the solution of other problems of economic and social organisation. But subject to unavoidable difficulties in giving a numerical value to the conception of a subsistence minimum, the scheme of social insurance outlined in this Report provides insurance benefit adequate to all normal needs, in duration and in amount. It is at the same time a scheme from which the anomalies and overlapping, the multiplicity of agencies and the needless administrative cost which mark the British Social Services today, have been removed and have been replaced by co-ordination, simplicity and economy.<br />
<br />
UNIFIED SOCIAL SECURITY AND THE CHANGES INVOLVED<br />
30. The advantages of unified social security are great and unquestionable. They can be obtained only at the cost of changes in the present administrative machinery whose necessity needs to be proved and can be proved case by case. The principal changes from present practice that are involved in the plan are set out below. The reasons for each of these changes are given in Part II in one or two cases they are set out there only briefly, in anticipation of fuller discussion.<br />
<br />
1. Unification of social insurance in respect of contributions, that is to say, enabling each insured person to- obtain all benefits by a single weekly contribution on a single document (paras. 41-43).<br />
<br />
2. Unification of social insurance and assistance in respect of administration in a Ministry of Social Security with local Security Offices within reach of all insured persons (paras. 44-47).<br />
<br />
3. Supersession of the present system of Approved Societies giving unequal benefits for equal compulsory contributions [combined with retention of Friendly Societies and Trade Unions giving sickness benefit as responsible agents for the administration of State benefit as well as voluntary benefit for their members] (paras. 48-76).<br />
<br />
4. Supersession of the present scheme of workmen’s compensation and inclusion of provision for industrial accident or disease within the unified social insurance scheme, subject to (a) a special method of meeting the cost of this provision, and (b) special pensions for prolonged disability and grants to dependants in cases of death due to such causes (paras. 77-105).<br />
<br />
5.Separation of medical treatment from the administration of cash benefits and the setting up of a comprehensive medical service for every citizen, covering all treatment and every form of disability under the supervision of the Health Departments (para. 106).<br />
<br />
6.Recognition of housewives as a distinct insurance class of occupied persons with benefits adjusted to their special needs, including (a) in all cases [marriage grant], maternity grant, widowhood and separation provisions and retirement pensions ; (b) if not gainfully occupied, benefit during husband’s unemployment or disability; (c) if gainfully occupied, special maternity benefit in addition to grant, and lower unemployment and disability benefits, accompanied by abolition of the Anomalies Regulations for Married Women (paras. 107-117).<br />
<br />
7 .Extension of insurance against prolonged disability to all persons gainfully occupied and of insurance for retirement pensions to all persons of working age, whether gainfully occupied or not (paras. 118-121).<br />
<br />
8.Provision of training benefit to facilitate change to new occupations of all persons who lose their former livelihood, whether paid or unpaid (para. 122).<br />
<br />
9.>Assimilation of benefit and pension rates for unemployment, disability. other than prolonged disability due to industrial accident or disease, and retirement (para. 123).<br />
<br />
10. Assimilation of benefit conditions for unemployment and disability including disability due to industrial accident or disease, in respect of waiting time (paras. 124-126).<br />
<br />
11. Assimilation of contribution conditions for unemployment and disability benefit, except where disability is due to industrial accident or disease, and revision of contribution conditions for pension (paras. 127-128).<br />
<br />
12. Making of unemployment benefit at full rate indefinite in duration, subject to requirement of attendance at a work or training centre after a limited period of unemployment (paras. 129-132).<br />
<br />
13. Making of disability benefit at full rate indefinite in duration, subject to imposition of special behaviour conditions (paras. 129-132).<br />
<br />
14. Making of pensions, other than industrial, conditional on retirement from work and rising in value with each year of continued contribution after the minimum age of retirement, that is to say, after 65 for men and 60 for women (paras. 133-136).<br />
<br />
15. Amalgamation of the special schemes of unemployment insurance, for agriculture, banking and finance and insurance, with the general scheme of social insurance (paras. 137-148).<br />
<br />
16. Abolition of the exceptions from insurance<br />
<br />
(a)of persons in particular occupations, such as the civil service, local government service, police, nursing, railways, and other pensionable employments, and, in respect of unemployment insurance, private indoor domestic service;<br />
<br />
(b)of persons remunerated above £420 a year in non-manual occupations (paras. 149-152).<br />
<br />
17. Replacement of unconditional inadequate widows’ pensions by provision suited to the varied needs of widows, including temporary widows’ benefit at a special rate in all cases, training benefit when required and guardian benefit so long as there are dependent children (paras.’153-156).<br />
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18. Inclusion of universal funeral grant in compulsory insurance (paras. 157-160).<br />
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19. Transfer to the Ministry of Social Security of the remaining functions of Local Authorities in respect of public assistance, other than treatment and services of an institutional character (paras. 161-165).<br />
<br />
20. Transfer to the Ministry of Social Security of responsibility for the maintenance of blind persons and the framing of a new scheme for maintenance and welfare by co-operation between the Ministry, Local Authorities and voluntary agencies (paras. 166-170).<br />
<br />
21. Transfer to the Ministry of Social Security of the functions of the Assistance Board, of the work of the Customs and Excise Department in respect of non-contributory pensions, and probably of the employment service of the Ministry of Labour and National Service, in addition to unemployment insurance, and the work of other departments in connection with the administration of cash benefits of all kinds, including workmen’s compensation (paras. 171-175).<br />
<br />
22. Substitution for the Unemployment Insurance Statutory Committee of a Social Insurance Statutory Committee with similar but extended powers (paras. 176-180).<br />
<br />
23. Conversion of the business of industrial assurance into a public service under an Industrial Assurance Board.] (paras. 181-192)....<br />
<br />
31.This considerable list of changes does not mean that, in the proposals of the Report, either the experience or the achievements of the past are forgotten. What is proposed today for unified social security springs out of what has been accomplished in building up security piece by piece. It retains the contributory principle of sharing the cost of security between three parties -the insured person himself, his employer, if he has an employer, and the State. It retains and extends the principle that compulsory insurance should provide a flat rate of benefit, irrespective of earnings, in return for a flat contribution from all. It retains as the best method of contribution the system of insurance documents and insurance stamps. It builds upon the experience gained in the administration of unemployment insurance and later of unemployment assistance, of a national administration which is not centralised at Whitehall but is carried out through responsible regional and local officers, acting at all points in close co-operation with representatives of the communities which they serve. It provides for retaining on a new basis the association of Friendly Societies with national health insurance. It provides for retaining within the general framework of a unified scheme some of the special features of workmen’s compensation and for converting the associations for mutual indemnity in the industries chiefly concerned into new organs of industrial co-operation and self-government. While completing the transfer from local to national government of assistance by cash payments, it retains a vital place for Local Authorities in the provision of institutions and in the organisation and maintenance of services connected with social welfare. The scheme proposed here is in some ways a revolution, but in more important ways it is a natural development from the past. It is a British revolution.<br />
<br />
32. The Plan for Social Security is put forward as something that could be in operation in the immediate aftermath of the war. In the Memorandum by the Government Actuary on the financial aspects of the plan, which is printed as Appendix A to the Report, it is assumed, for the purpose of relating the estimates of expenditure to the numbers of the population, that the plan will begin to operate on 1st July, 1944, so that the first full year of benefit will be the calendar year 1945. But in view of the legislative and administrative work involved in bringing the plan into force, so early a date as this will be possible only if a decision of principle on the plan is taken in the near future by the Government and by Parliament.<br />
<br />
PART V<br />
<br />
PLAN FOR SOCIAL SECURITY<br />
ASSUMPTIONS, METHODS AND PRINCIPLES<br />
300. Scope of Social Security : The term " social security " is used here to denote the securing of an income to take the place of earnings when they are interrupted by unemployment, sickness or accident, to provide for retirement through age, to provide against loss of support by the death of another person, and to meet exceptional expenditures, such as those connected with birth, death and marriage. Primarily social security means security. of income up to a minimum, but the provision of an income should be associated with treatment designed to bring the interruption of earnings to an end as soon as possible.<br />
<br />
301. Three Assumptions : No satisfactory scheme of social security can be devised except on the following assumptions<br />
<br />
(A) Children’s allowances for children up to the age of 15 or if in full-time education up to the age of 16<br />
<br />
(B) Comprehensive health and rehabilitation services for prevention and cure of disease and restoration of capacity for work, available to all members of the community;<br />
<br />
(C) Maintenance of employment, that is to say avoidance of mass unemployment.<br />
<br />
The grounds for making these three assumptions, the methods of satisfying them and their relation to the social security scheme are discussed in Part VI. Children’s allowances will be added to all the insurance benefits and Pensions described below in paras. 320-349.<br />
<br />
302. Three Methods of Security : On these three assumptions, a Plan for Social Security is outlined below, combining three distinct methods: social insurance for basic needs ; national assistance for special cases; voluntary insurance for additions to the basic provision. Social insurance means the providing of cash payments conditional upon compulsory contributions previously made by, or on behalf of, the insured persons-, irrespective of the resources of the individual at the time of the claim. Social insurance is much the most important of the three methods and is proposed here in a form as comprehensive as possible. But while social insurance can, and should, be the main instrument for guaranteeing income security, it cannot be the only one. It needs to be supplemented both by national assistance and by voluntary insurance. National assistance means the giving of cash payments conditional upon proved need at the time of the claim, irrespective of previous contributions but adjusted by consideration of individual circumstances and paid from the national exchequer. Assistance is an indispensable supplement to social insurance, however the scope of the latter may be widened. In addition to both of these there is place for voluntary insurance. Social insurance and national assistance organised by the State are designed to guarantee, on condition of service, a basic income for subsistence. The actual incomes and by consequence the normal standards of expenditure of different sections of the population differ greatly Making provision for these higher standards is primarily the function of the individual that is to say, it is a matter for free choice and voluntary insurance. But the State should make sure that its measures leave room and encouragement. for such voluntary insurance. The social insurance scheme is the greater part of the Plan for Social Security and its description occupies most of this Part of the Report. But the plan includes national assistance and voluntary insurance as well.<br />
<br />
303. Six Principles of Social Insurance : The social insurance scheme set out below as the chief method of social security embodies six fundamental principles<br />
<br />
•Flat rate of subsistence benefit<br />
•Flat rate of contribution<br />
•Unification of administrative responsibility<br />
•Adequacy of benefit<br />
•Comprehensiveness<br />
•Classification<br />
304. Flat Rate of Subsistence Benefit : The first fundamental principle of the social insurance scheme is provision of a flat rate of insurance benefit, irrespective of the amount of the earnings which have been interrupted by unemployment or disability or ended by retirement ; exception is made only where prolonged disability has resulted from an industrial accident or disease. This principle follows from the recognition of the, place and importance of voluntary insurance in social security and distinguishes the scheme proposed. for Britain from the security schemes of Germany, the Soviet Union, the United States and most other countries with the exception of New Zealand. The flat rate is the same for all the principal forms of cessation of earning unemployment, disability, retirement ; for maternity and for widowhood there is a temporary benefit at a higher rate.<br />
<br />
305. Flat Rate of Contribution : The second fundamental principle of the scheme is that the compulsory contribution required o f each insured person or his employer is at a flat rate, irrespective of his means. All insured persons, rich or poor pay the same contributions for the same security ; those with larger means will pay more only to the extent that as tax-payers they pay more to the national Exchequer and so to the State share of the Social Insurance Fund. This feature distinguishes the scheme proposed for Britain from the scheme recently established in New Zealand under which the contributions are graduated by income, and are in effect an income-tax assigned to a particular service. Subject moreover to one exception, the contribution will be the same irrespective of the assumed degree of risk affecting particular individuals or forms of employment. The exception is the raising of a proportion of the special cost of benefits and pensions for industrial disability in occupations of high risk by a levy on employers proportionate to risk and payroll (paras 86-90 and 360).<br />
<br />
306. Unification of Administrative Responsibility: The third fundamental principle is Unification of administrative responsibility in the interests of efficiency and economy. For each insured person there will be a single weekly contribution, in respect of all his benefits. There will be in each locality a Security Office able to deal with claims of every kind and all sides of security. The methods of paying different kinds of cash benefit will be different and will take account of the circumstances of insured persons, providing for payment at the home or elsewhere, as is necessary. All contributions will be paid into a single Social Insurance Fund and all benefits and other insurance payments will be paid from the fund.<br />
<br />
307. Adequacy of Benefit: the fourth fundamental principle is adequacy of benefit in amount and in time. The flat rate of benefit proposed is intended in itself to be sufficient without further resources to provide the minimum income needed for subsistence in all normal cases. It gives room and a basis for additional voluntary provision, but does not assume that in any case. The benefits are adequate also in time, that is to say except for contingencies of a temporary nature , they will continue indefinitely without means test, so long as the need continues, though subject to any change of conditions and treatment required by prolongation of the interruption in earning and occupation.<br />
<br />
308. Comprehensiveness: The fifth fundamental principle is that social insurance should be comprehensive, in respect both of the persons covered and of their needs. It should not leave either to national assistance or to voluntary insurance any risk so general or so uniform that social insurance can be justified. For national assistance involves a means test which may discourage voluntary insurance or personal saving. And voluntary insurance can never be sure of covering the ground. For any need moreover which, like direct funeral expenses, is so general and so uniform as to be a fit subject for insurance by compulsion, social insurance is much cheaper to administer than voluntary insurance.<br />
<br />
309. Classification: The sixth fundamental principle is that social insurance, while unified and comprehensive, must take account of the different ways of life of different sections of the community; of those dependent on earnings by employment under contract of service, of those earning in other ways, of those rendering vital unpaid service as housewives, of those not yet of age to earn, and of those past earning. The term "classification" is used here to denote adjustment of insurance to the differing circumstances of each of these classes and to many varieties of need and circumstance within each insurance class. But the insurance classes are not economic or social classes<br />
<br />
310. Six Population Classes: the Plan for Social Security starts with consideration of the people and of their needs. From the point of view of social security the people of Britain fall into six main classes described briefly as I-Employees; II-Others gainfully employed; III-Housewives; IV-Others of working age; V-Below working age; VI-Retired above working age. The precise definitions of each of these classes, the boundaries between them and the provision for passage from one to another are discussed in detail in paragraphs 314-319. The approximate numbers in each class and their relation to security needs, as listed in the following paragraph are given in table XVI. Some needs, for medical treatment and for burial are common to all classes. In addition to this, those in Class V (below working age) need children’s allowances, and those in class VI (Retired above working age) need pensions; neither of these classes can be called on to contribute for social insurance. The other four classes all have different needs for which they will be insured by contributions made by or in respect of them. Class I (Employees), in addition to medical treatment, funeral expenses and pension, need security against interruption of earnings by unemployment and disability, however caused. Class II, i.e., persons gainfully occupied otherwise than as employees, cannot be insured against loss of employment, but in addition to medical treatment, funeral expenses and pension they need provision for loss of earnings through disability and they need some provision for loss of livelihood. Class III (Housewives) not being gainfully occupied do not need compensation for loss of earnings through ‘disability or otherwise, but, in addition to the common needs of treatment, funeral expenses and pension, they have a variety of special needs arising out of marriage. Class IV (Others of working age) is a heterogeneous class in which relatively few people remain for any large part of their lives : they all need provision for medical treatment, funeral expenses and retirement, and also for the risk of having to find a new means of livelihood.<br />
<br />
311 Eight Primary Causes of Need : The primary needs for social security are of eight kinds, reckoning the composite needs of a married woman as one and including also the needs of childhood (Assumption A) and the need for universal comprehensive medical treatment and rehabilitation (Assumption B). These needs are set out below ; to each there is attached in the security scheme a distinct insurance benefit or benefits. Assistance may enter to deal with any kind of need, where insurance benefit for any reason is inadequate or absent.<br />
<br />
Unemployment : that is to say, inability to obtain employment by a person dependent on it and physically fit for it, met by unemployment benefit with removal and lodging grants.<br />
<br />
Disability : that is to say, inability of a person of working age, through illness or accident, to pursue a gainful occupation, met by disability benefit and industrial pension.<br />
<br />
Loss of Livelihood by person not dependent on paid employment, met by training benefit.<br />
<br />
Retirement from occupation, paid or unpaid, through age, met by retirement pension.<br />
<br />
Marriage needs of a woman, met by Housewive’s Policy including provision for<br />
<br />
(1) Marriage, met by marriage grant.<br />
<br />
(2) Maternity, met by maternity grant in all cases, and, in the case of a married woman in gainful occupation, also by maternity benefit for a period before and after confinement.<br />
<br />
(3) Interruption or cessation of husband’s earnings by his unemployment, disability or retirement, met by share of benefit or pension with husband.<br />
<br />
(4) Widowhood, met by provision varying according to circumstances Including temporary widow’s benefit for readjustment, guardian benefit while caring for children and training benefit if and when there are no children in need of care.<br />
<br />
(5) Separation, i.e. end of husband’s maintenance by legal separation, or established desertion, met by adaptation of widowhood provisions, including separation benefit, guardian benefit and training benefit.<br />
<br />
(6) Incapacity for household duties, met by provision of paid help in illness as part of treatment.<br />
<br />
Funeral Expenses of self or any person for whom responsible, met by funeral grant.<br />
<br />
Childhood, ‘provided for by children’s allowances if in full-time education, till sixteen.<br />
<br />
Physical Disease or Incapacity, met by medical treatment, domiciliary and institutional, for self and dependants in comprehensive health service and by post-medical rehabilitation.<br />
<br />
312. Other Needs : The needs listed in para. 311 are the only ones so general and so uniform as to be clearly fit subjects for compulsory insurance. There is, partly for historical reasons, a problem as to the provision to be made for fatal accidents and diseases arising out of employment, by means of an industrial grant. There are many other needs and risks which are sufficiently common to be suited for voluntary insurance, and to a varying extent are already covered by that method. They include a great variety of contingencies for which provision is made by life and endowment insurance; there are risks of fire, theft, or accident ; there are exceptional expenditures such as those on holidays and education.<br />
<br />
313. Explanation of Terms : Before defining more closely the classes into which the people must be divided for purposes of social security, it is necessary to explain three terms. " Exception " means that certain types of persons are not within a particular class, though apart from the exception they would be ; exception is general, not individual, altering the definition of a class’. Exemption " means that a person though within a particular class is exempted individually from paying the contributions of that class; his employer, if he has one, remains liable for contributions, but these contributions are not counted in judging of the insured person’s claim to benefit. " Excusal " means that contributions for which an insured person and his employer, if he has one, would otherwise be liable, are not required, but for the purpose of satisfying contribution conditions for benefit are deemed to have been paid; excusal is normally conditional on the insured person proving that he is unemployed or incapable of work. Exemption and excusal are dealt with more fully in paras. 3<br />
<br />
314. Employees (Class I) : These are, in general, persons depending for their maintenance upon remuneration received under a contract of service, including apprenticeship. The exact boundaries of this class will be adjusted by certain exceptions and inclusions. There will also be provision for exemption, that is to say, for allowing persons who take work falling within Class I to escape payment of their contributions while still requiring contributions by the employer. Insured persons in this class will hold an employment book which they will present to the employer for stamping.<br />
<br />
The principal exception suggested is for family employment, that is to say, employment of one member of a family by another forming part of the same household. This is a development of the existing exception of fathers, sons, daughters, etc., under Agricultural Unemployment Insurance, and is designed to prevent fictitious claims for benefit. Persons excluded from Class I by this exception will fall into Class II.<br />
<br />
Persons in Class II or IV taking work temporarily under a contract of service will be allowed to claim exemption from their own contributions, and persons in Class Ill undertaking such work will be allowed to obtain exemption so long as they desire it. Exempt persons will present to the employer a special card to be stamped. by him with the employer’ contribution.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, certain exceptions and exemptions under the present scheme will no longer apply.- In particular.-<br />
<br />
i.There will be no exception of employees on the ground of the regularity of their employment or that it entitles them to pension. The basis of the security scheme is that all should contribute compulsorily irrespective of their personal risk. For men in the Armed Forces special arrangements for contribution will secure their rights to the benefits of the scheme when they return to civil life. For men in the merchant service there will be special arrangements for contribution adjusted to the conditions of their employment. <br />
ii.There will be no exception of any employees by a remuneration limit.<br />
iii.The right of persons above normal working age to claim exemption will cease on the introduction of the principle that pension is payable only on retirement from work and that men and women reaching the ages of 65 and 60 respectively, will have the option either of continuing to work and contribute or of retiring on pension at any time thereafter.<br />
The possibility of either including in Class I and so insuring against unemployment certain classes of persons who are not technically under a contract of service but work in effect for employers (e.g. manual labour contractors, out-workers and private nurses) or of insuring such classes by special schemes, taking account of their special circumstances, needs further exploration. In one of these classes for instance, namely nurses, in addition to the fact that nurses work sometimes under contract of service and sometimes not, there are special needs arising out of their exposure to infection and out of the urgency of their duties, rendering necessary the possibility of intervals for rest and recuperation. The problem of giving some income security under a special scheme to share fishermen should also be explored. As stated above, apprentices generally will be included in Class I, but special arrangements may be made in regard to their rate of contribution (see para. 408).<br />
<br />
315. Others Gainfully Occupied (Class II) : These are, in general, all persons working for gain who are not in Class I. Most of these will be persons working on their own account as employers or by themselves, including shopkeepers and hawkers, farmers, small holders and crofters, share fishermen, entertainers and renderers of professional and personal service and out-workers. They will include also persons who, though technically under contract of service, are excepted from Class I on the ground of family employment. Apart from the possibilities whose exploration is proposed above, persons gainfully occupied otherwise than under contract of service will not be insured against unemployment. Persons in Class II will pay contributions upon an occupation card. If a person in Class II gives up his independent occupation and takes insurable employment he will pass into Class I and will in due course acquire a claim to unemployment benefit in addition to the other benefits of Class II. If he takes insurable employment temporarily he will be allowed to work as an exempt person, i.e. only the employer’s contribution will be paid and he will neither contribute for unemployment nor acquire a right to unemployment benefit. Conversely, a person whose main occupation is employment under a contract of service but who also works regularly or occasionally at some other gainful occupation, will be able to obtain exemption from Class II contributions. Persons in Class II will be able to apply for exemption on the ground that their income is below a certain minimum, say £75 a year (para. 363).<br />
<br />
316. Housewives (Class III) : These are married women of working age living with their husbands. An housewife who undertakes paid work as well, either under a contract of service or otherwise, will have the choice either of contributing in the ordinary way in Class 1 or Class II as the case may be, or of working as an exempt person, paying no contributions of her own<br />
<br />
317. Others of Working Age (Class IV) . These are in the main students above 16, unmarried women engaged in domestic duties not for pay, persons of private means, and persons incapacitated by blindness or other physical infirmity without being qualified for benefits under the social insurance scheme. The last of these groups will be a diminishing one. Blindness and other physical infirmities will occur in most cases after people have had a chance of contributing under the scheme and qualifying for disability benefit. At the outset there will be a number of people who became incapacitated before the scheme began. After the scheme has been established, persons in receipt of any benefit or pension in respect of contributions in other classes will be treated as still belonging to those classes and not as in Class IV. Those incapacitated or in institutions will be subject to the special arrangements appropriate in each case. All the others in Class IV will be required to hold security cards and to pay contributions thereon unless and until they pass into another class. This security card must be produced to obtain an employment book or occupation card. Persons in Class IV will be able to apply for exemption from contributions on the ground that their total income is below a certain minimum, say £75 a year (para. 363).<br />
<br />
318. Below Working Age (Class V): This class will include all persons below 16 who are in full-time education, whether compulsorily or voluntarily.<br />
<br />
319.Retired Above Working Age (Class VI) : The minimum pensionable age for retirement on social insurance pension will be 65 for men and 60 for women, but persons who continue to work after these ages will pay contributions in the ordinary way and will be treated as belonging to Class 1 or Class II.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div>Regards, Greg L-W. <b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU. <br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks. <br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945. <br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum. <br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
<br />
ABSTRACT SOURCED <a href="http://www.sochealth.co.uk/history/beveridge.htm">CLICK HERE</a> <br />
<br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><img alt="" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/pixy.gif?x-id=839df2b2-0abf-4c07-829c-5c7e2d90cc83" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-22757555166128931412011-05-01T14:25:00.000+01:002011-05-01T14:42:13.647+01:00#GD039* - NHS & WELFARE STATE The BEVERIDGE REPORTS#GD039* - NHS & WELFARE STATE The BEVERIDGE REPORTS<br />
<br />
In December 1942 <span class="glossary"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/cabinetpapers/help/glossary-w.htm#William_Beveridge" title="Glossary term - William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></span>, a senior civil servant, identified five 'giant evils' that plagued society:<br />
<ul><li><b>Disease</b></li>
<li><b>Want</b></li>
<li><b>Ignorance</b></li>
<li><b>Squalor</b></li>
<li><b>Idleness</b></li>
</ul>He published his findings in a popular report titled 'Social Insurance and Allied Services'.<br />
<br />
Britain's National Insurance system had previously been looked after by different agencies (including charities and government departments) and was in a fragmented state.<br />
<br />
In recommending new ways to relieve the five 'giant evils', Beveridge became known as the Father of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_State" rel="wikipedia" title="Welfare State">Welfare State</a>, although he disliked the term.<br />
<br />
Beveridge had social security in mind: in return for paying a national insurance contribution, the citizen would gain security against the major ills.<br />
<br />
Beveridge insisted on the contributory element to the programme, as he did not want to damage people's sense of independence and personal responsibility. Neither did he want to redistribute wealth between classes, believing people should be free to better themselves if they had the ability and possibility to do so.<br />
<h2>First measures</h2>The first of Beveridge's proposals came into effect before the war ended. In 1944 a <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance" rel="wikipedia" title="National Insurance">Ministry of National Insurance</a> was set up in Newcastle, and in June 1945 the Conservative government passed the Family Allowances Act.<br />
<br />
The payments were 5 shillings for every child per week, lower than Beveridge had proposed, and only given from the birth of the second child.<br />
<br />
Campaigners were pleased, but further progress had to wait for the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election%2C_1945" rel="wikipedia" title="United Kingdom general election, 1945">general election in July 1945</a>. The result was a landslide victory for the Labour Party under <span class="glossary"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/cabinetpapers/help/glossary-c.htm#Clement_Attlee" title="Glossary term - Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></span>.<br />
<br />
Attlee had campaigned hard under the banner of the creation of a Welfare State and now seized upon Beveridge's proposals as a basis for radical action.<br />
<h2>National insurance and assistance</h2>Beveridge recommended that means testing, and other fragmented approaches to helping those in need, be replaced by one system. All workers would pay into a national insurance scheme run by the government instead of insurance companies.<br />
<br />
There would be a flat rate contribution and everyone would be entitled to a flat rate benefit.<br />
<br />
The flat rate for unemployment or sickness insurance would be high enough and long lasting enough that there would be no need for public assistance.<br />
<br />
In order to remove poverty there would be extra benefits that provided for children and health care.<br />
<br />
Overall, there was very little opposition to government plans. As British historian Kenneth Morgan put it:<br />
'The Welfare State, the other main government initiative of this period, also excited only limited controversy.<br />
<br />
All parties and all commentators, it seemed, emerged from the war beneath the mighty intellectual shade of William Beveridge and the 'cradle to the grave' philosophy.'<br />
<br />
- Kenneth Morgan, The People's Peace, 2001<br />
This was surprising, as Beveridge himself did not want people to become dependent on the Welfare State, and wanted benefits to be fairly limited.<br />
<h2><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1946" rel="wikipedia" title="National Insurance Act 1946">National Insurance Act 1946</a></h2><div class="image-inside-right"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beveridge" rel="wikipedia" title="William Beveridge">William Henry Beveridge</a> (1879-1963) was a British economist and social reformer whose report changed the face of Britain.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.topfoto.co.uk/" target="_blank" title="www.topfoto.co.uk - opens in a new window"></a></div>The National Insurance (NI) Act was passed in 1946. NI now became compulsory for all workers except married women. Most people paid the fairly substantial 4s 11d a week (almost as much as received for each child in family allowance per week).<br />
<br />
In return, workers received benefits for 'interruption of earnings' as a result of illness, and for unemployment or old age. For the elderly, a state pension was paid when men reached 65 and women reached 60.<br />
<br />
Older workers were encouraged to continue working and two thirds of men decided to carry on rather than take up their pension.<br />
<br />
Mothers received a lump sum on the birth of each child and if they had been paying NI, received an allowance for 18 weeks.<br />
<br />
A death grant gave widows help with funeral expenses and as an extension to the scheme, the Industrial Injuries Act gave compensation for people injured or killed at work.<br />
<br />
The hope was to have all of Beveridge's plans in operation by 1948 - but this did not prove possible. The benefit provided was not based on a national minimum standard of living.<br />
<br />
Government fixed one rate, promising to review it every five years. Although Beveridge had proposed benefits for divorced women, women looking after parents and sickness benefit for housewives, these measures were not included.<br />
<h2>National Assistance Board 1948</h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/images/cabinetpapers/ws-niassistance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/images/cabinetpapers/ws-niassistance.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">In 1947 200 people were living in huts on a disused gun site in Kent.</div><div class="image-inside-left" style="text-align: center;">©<a href="http://www.topfoto.co.uk/" target="_blank" title="www.topfoto.co.uk - opens in a new window">TopFoto</a></div><div class="image-inside-left" style="text-align: center;"></div>All these benefits only applied to insured workers, so in 1948 the National Assistance Board (NAB) was set up to cover those not insured.<br />
<br />
The NAB took over the old <span class="glossary"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/cabinetpapers/help/glossary-p.htm#Public_Assistance_Committees_PACs" title="Glossary term - Public Assistance Committees (PACs)">Public Assistance Committees (PACs)</a></span> and for the first time, without the earnings of their families being considered, claimants were interviewed to see what kind of help they needed. Means testing was ended.<br />
<br />
<br />
Labour governments also tackled some of the other ills Beveridge identified. The slum clearances (that had effectively begun after the <span class="glossary"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/cabinetpapers/help/glossary-l.htm#Luftwaffe" title="Glossary term - Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></span> bombing in the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" rel="wikipedia" title="World War II">Second World War</a>) continued and a huge house-building programme was instituted.<br />
<br />
In 1948 Labour set up the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" rel="wikipedia" title="National Health Service">National Health Service (NHS)</a> and since there was already a free, compulsory state education service, the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people" rel="wikipedia" title="British people">people of Britain</a> now probably had the most comprehensive Welfare State system in the world. <br />
<br />
ABSTRACT FROM <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/alevelstudies/1940-origins-welfare-state.htm">CLICK HERE</a><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)</span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;"> </span></b> <br />
<div></div>Regards,<br />
Greg L-W. <b> </b><br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><br />
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU. <br />
<div></div><br />
The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks. <br />
<div></div><br />
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><br />
<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b> <br />
<div></div><br />
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum. <br />
<div></div><br />
Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-related"><h6 class="zemanta-related-title" style="font-size: 1em; margin: 1em 0pt 0pt;">Related articles</h6><ul class="zemanta-article-ul"><li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2011/03/the-current-state-of-the-beveridge-curve.html">The Current State of the Beveridge Curve</a> (delong.typepad.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/edwest/100076732/why-did-the-welfare-state-work-for-people-in-1945-but-not-in-2011/">Why did the welfare state work for people in 1945 but not in 2011?</a> (blogs.telegraph.co.uk)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://dearengland.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/eugenicswelfare-reform-its-all-about-getting-rid-of-the-less-fortunate-of-our-society-and-if-cameron-tells-you-anything-else-hes-a-bloody-liar/">"Eugenics/welfare reform" it's all about getting rid of the less fortunate of our society and If Cameron tell's you anything else he's a bloody liar...</a> (dearengland.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://inequalitiesblog.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/which-generation-should-pay-for-long-term-care/">Which generation should pay for long-term care?</a> (inequalitiesblog.wordpress.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-teitelman/transactions-march-14-201_b_834662.html">Robert Teitelman: Transactions: March 16, 2011</a> (huffingtonpost.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-teitelman/brazil-america-and-the-re_b_842236.html">Robert Teitelman: Brazil, America and the Realities of Private Equity</a> (huffingtonpost.com)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://r.zemanta.com/?u=http%3A//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/mar/16/child-poverty-error-iain-duncan-smith&a=38216539&rid=0a55784e-3db6-4280-af99-dc73d21f490c&e=7e09ba9a414e7e06c4f10c796621cf83">Conservatives were wrong to ignore child poverty, says Iain Duncan Smith</a> (guardian.co.uk)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.libdemvoice.org/lady-louise-glen-coats-22899.html">Forgotten Liberal heroes: Lady Louise Glen-Coats</a> (libdemvoice.org)</li>
<li class="zemanta-article-ul-li"><a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/819a1ab0-7071-11e0-bea7-00144feabdc0.html?ftcamp=rss">British institutions: local government</a> (ft.com)</li>
</ul></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><img alt="" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/pixy.gif?x-id=0a55784e-3db6-4280-af99-dc73d21f490c" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-13155575932216994162011-04-27T09:45:00.000+01:002012-06-17T14:02:51.859+01:00#GD038* - WORLD REPORTS - Christopher STORY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
#GD038* - WORLD REPORTS - <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.worldreports.org/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="Christopher Story">Christopher STORY</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.worldreports.org/">http://www.worldreports.org/</a><br />
<br />
sadly this excellent site no longer runs and you will receive the following message:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b>Edward Harle Limited</b> <br />
entered into Members <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Liquidation">Voluntary Liquidation</a> on 15
May 2012. <br />
Shay Lettice and Kate Merry of <br />
Peters Elworthy & Moore <br />
have been appointed Liquidators. <br />
<br />
Any queries in relation to this
company should be sent to <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Peters Elworthy & Moore, <br />
Salisbury House,
<br />
Station Road, <br />
Cambridge, <br />
CB1 2LA <br />
for the attention of May Tu<b></b></blockquote>
</blockquote>
Could ANYONE with a full copy of Christopher's old site PLEASE contact me and I will endeavour to make it readily available on the internet for others to use.<br />
<br />
Do also note the following sites regarding Christopher Story:<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://caterpillarsandbutterflies1.blogspot.co.uk/2010/07/gd019-christopher-story-frsa-in.html" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a> </div>
<br />
Regards,<br />
Greg_L-W.<br />
01594 - 528 337<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;"> </span></b> <br />
<div>
</div>
Regards,<br />
Greg L-W.<br />
<br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<div>
</div>
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div>
</div>
<b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div>
</div>
<b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div>
</div>
<b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div>
</div>
<b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="European Union">EU</a> Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Europe">EUrope</a> as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div>
</div>
<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="British people">British peoples</a> than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div>
</div>
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
Don't spoil your <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Ballot">Ballot Paper</a> by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.4993055556,-0.12475&spn=0.01,0.01&q=51.4993055556,-0.12475%20%28Parliament%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster Parliament</a> where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b><br />
<br />
<b></b>
<br />
<div align="left">
<b>Posted by: Greg Lance-Watkins</b><b> </b></div>
<div align="left">
<b>tel: 01594 – 528 337</b></div>
<div>
<b>of: <a href="mailto:Greg_L-W@BTconnect.com">Greg_L-W@BTconnect.com</a></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Accuracy & Copyright Statement: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/ensuring-accuracy-the-truth/" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div>
Summary, archive, facts & comments on UKIP: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/">http://UKIP-vs-EUkip.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
DO MAKE USE of LINKS & >Right Side Bar< & The Top Bar >PAGES<<br />
Also:</div>
<h5>
Details & Links: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.com/">http://GregLanceWatkins.Blogspot.com</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align: left;">
UKIP Its ASSOCIATES & DETAILS: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.com/ukip-its-associates-details/" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a><br />
Views I almost Totally Share: <a href="http://www.eureferendum.com/" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a><br />
General Stuff: <a href="http://gl-w.blogspot.com/">http://gl-w.blogspot.com</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align: left;">
Health Blog.: <a href="http://greglw.blogspot.com/">http://GregLW.blogspot.com</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align: left;">
TWITTER: Greg_LW<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><br /></span></b></h5>
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<div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
<a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/?px" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_a.png?x-id=fb032cc0-0662-4d0e-b32a-04a6cd66767e" style="border: none; float: right;" /></a></div>
</div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-74230348665726266252011-03-22T21:28:00.000+00:002011-03-22T21:28:52.247+00:00#GD037* - Vernon COLEMAN on POLITICS#GD037* - Vernon COLEMAN on POLITICS<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheapkAN06Tp5XKD1EFTkHdNpqWQWm9oseDUHvAfjkTpRKNdRDQJdmuLiVzIcctq7gjr0uzBdW2l51oU44iLXa7jayCBWy1GpqdanoE2SSU-xX_L06QcjsCgmUEHLjBXOh5a9dcL96N0Jw/s1600/COLEMAN%252C+Vernon+01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheapkAN06Tp5XKD1EFTkHdNpqWQWm9oseDUHvAfjkTpRKNdRDQJdmuLiVzIcctq7gjr0uzBdW2l51oU44iLXa7jayCBWy1GpqdanoE2SSU-xX_L06QcjsCgmUEHLjBXOh5a9dcL96N0Jw/s320/COLEMAN%252C+Vernon+01.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><br />
<a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/" rel="homepage" title="The Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a> bestselling author Vernon Coleman has written over 100 books which have sold over two million copies in the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.5,-0.116666666667&spn=10.0,10.0&q=51.5,-0.116666666667%20%28United%20Kingdom%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> alone. His books have been translated into 25 languages and sell in over 50 countries.<br />
<br />
<br />
His novels include Mrs Caldicot's Cabbage War (which has been turned into a film), Mrs Caldicot's Knickerbocker Glory, The Man Who Inherited a Golf Course, The Village Cricket Tour, Deadline, Paris in my Springtime, It's Never Too Late? and the Bilbury series of novels.<br />
<br />
His books on cats include Alice's Diary, Alice's Adventures, Cat Fables, Cat Tales and We Love Cats. His medical bestsellers include Bodypower, Mindpower, Food for Thought, How To Stop Your Doctor Killing You, Superbody and Coleman's Laws.<br />
<br />
The global bestseller Bodypower was voted one of the top 100 books by British readers. His books on politics include <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.5,-0.116666666667&spn=10.0,10.0&q=51.5,-0.116666666667%20%28England%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="England">England</a> Our England, Living In A Fascist Country, Gordon is a Moron, The OFPIS File, What Happens Next? Oil Apocalypse, and 2020. He has also written The 100 Greatest Englishmen and <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people" rel="wikipedia" title="English people">Englishwomen</a>.<br />
<br />
Vernon Coleman's books have been serialised in newspapers and magazines all over the world and many have been turned into television and radio series. He was the Television Doctor on British television and the first agony uncle on the BBC.<br />
<br />
Dr Coleman is a registered and licensed general practitioner principal and a former Professor of Holistic Medical Sciences at the International Open University in Sri Lanka. He has an honorary <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" rel="wikipedia" title="Doctor of Science">DSc</a>. He has given evidence to the House of Commons and the House of Lords in London.<br />
<br />
He has co-authored four books with his wife, <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" rel="wikipedia" title="Vernon Coleman">Donna Antoinette Coleman</a>. (Health Secrets Doctors Share With Their Families, How To Conquer Health Problems Between Ages 50 and 120, Animal Miscellany and England's Glory).<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/main.htm"><span style="color: midnightblue; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Politics</b></span></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<img src="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/images/new7.gif" /> <a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/stupidas.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The War On Libya Is Stupid As Well As Wicked</span></a><br />
<br />
<img src="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/images/new7.gif" /> <a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/ted.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ted Heath Sold Britain To The EU For £35,000</span></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/pips.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Squeezing The Poor...</span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/stator.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Statist Or Fascist?</span></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/archi.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gordon Brown: The Architect of Britain's Housing Crisis</span></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/gordonis.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Gordon Is A Moron</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/globalgovern.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Who Wants A Global Government?</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/emissions.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Emissions And The Labour Party</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;">Yet More Proof That Gordon Brown Is An Idiot</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; 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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/hoax.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Blair's Northern Ireland Hoax</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; 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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/nationpart.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Challenge To The Scottish Nationalist Party</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/votesug.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Voting Suggestion</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/whyinvade.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Why Bush Is Desperate To Invade Iran?</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/becomeindepend.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Half A Dozen Sound Reasons Why Everyone In England Should...</span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/thenewsthebbc.htm">News The BBC Probably Didn't Bring You</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/ukipspeech.htm">Vernon Coleman's Speech At The UKIP Conference - October 2006</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/rescueourcountry.htm">How We Can Rescue Our Country From The Fascists Who Have Stolen It</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/howthebritishmedia.htm">How The British Media Lied And Tricked Us Into Joining The EU</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/herearetheviews.htm">Here Are The Views Of Tony Blair About The EU</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/theevidencethatbritons.htm">The Evidence That Britons And Americans Are Living In Fascist Countries</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/isthisyourlastchanceto.htm">Is This Your Last Chance To Read The Truth?</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/factseveryoneshould.htm">Facts Everyone Should Know About ID Cards</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/thebentbroadcasting.htm">The BBC - The Bent Broadcasting Corporation</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/whythemediacant.htm">Why The Media Can't Be Trusted To Provide The Truth</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; 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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/readerandpatriot.htm">The Truth They Won't Tell You (And Don't Want You To Know) About The EU</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/saddamhussein.htm">Questions No One Else Has Asked About The Trial Of Saddam Hussein</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/afcubira.htm">Afghanistan, Cuba And Iran Respond To America's Plea For Help</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/hurricanekatrina.htm">A Message To George W. Bush About Hurricane Katrina</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/whyhasbushfailed.htm">Why Has Bush Failed To Help Americans Suffering in The Wake Of Hurricane Katrina?</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/britainspolicearenow.htm">Britain's Police Are Now A Bigger Threat Than The Terrorists</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/britainsfuturewillbedecided.htm">Britain's Future Will Be Decided By The French On May 29th 2005</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/theachievementsandvirtuesof.htm">The Achievements And Virtues Of Tony Blair</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/tomakeyourvotecount.htm">How To Make Your Vote Count At The Next Election - Without Voting For One Of The Moronic Bastards Standing For The Three Main Political Parties</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/theeuwilluse.htm">The EU Will Use British Taxpayers' Money To Try To Persuade British Electors To Vote For The New EU </a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; 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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; 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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; 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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/thescandaloftsunami.htm">The Scandal Of The Tsunami...</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/aperfectexample.htm">A Perfect Example...</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/davidblunkettblindtojustice.htm">David Blunkett: Blind To Justice, Threat To Freedom</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/onelawforthem.htm">One Law For Them, One Law For Us</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/brianhaw.htm">Blunkett, Freedom Of Speech And Brian Haw</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; 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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/howgeorgewbushwonthe.htm">How George W. Bush Won The 2004 USA Presidential Election</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/whyblairsnewhouse.htm">Why Blair's New House Purchase Could Result In Thousands Of Britons Dying</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/howmuchdamagehas.htm">How Much Damage Has Kilroy-Silk Done To UKIP And England?</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There is a great deal more on Vernon COLEMAN's web site <a href="http://www.vernoncoleman.com/">CLICK HERE</a></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I do not personally agree with everything he writes but I do agree with almost all of his political material - It is thus that I commend you read his essays and books.</span></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)</span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;"> </span></b> <br />
Regards,<br />
Greg L-W. <b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<br />
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b> <br />
The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=3ce6d1f4-0931-4c49-8d93-d9e074f8fed8" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-46057216292111112922011-03-20T00:54:00.000+00:002011-03-20T00:54:26.684+00:00#GD036* - The Act of Settlement, 1701<span style="font-size: small;">#GD036* - The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" rel="wikipedia" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement, 1701</a></span><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">The Act of Settlement, 1701</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Cn8D_FM4_p8x63yGfzNV0sVtYeO_oA3efgW0hxoAtSz7tanDuDQqcuis04lwqloFRCjXuuC8iMr7Gx6LRgMJd_B970ulHsNVzcBDv5WOtwFysPts2N31AYXcV10uIJUz3vgRYlfQwtk/s1600/ACT+of+SETTLEMENT+1701+-+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Cn8D_FM4_p8x63yGfzNV0sVtYeO_oA3efgW0hxoAtSz7tanDuDQqcuis04lwqloFRCjXuuC8iMr7Gx6LRgMJd_B970ulHsNVzcBDv5WOtwFysPts2N31AYXcV10uIJUz3vgRYlfQwtk/s400/ACT+of+SETTLEMENT+1701+-+01.jpg" width="366" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">First Posted:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2000.12.06</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Whereas in the first year of the reign of Your Majesty, and of our late most gracious sovereign lady Queen Mary (of blessed memory), an <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" rel="wikipedia" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> was made, entitled, "An Act for declaring the rights and liberties of the subject, and for settling the succession of the crown," wherein it was (amongst other things) enacted, established, and declared that the crown and regal government of the Kingdoms of England, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, should be and continue to Your Majesty and the said late Queen, during the joint lives of Your Majesty and the said Queen, and to the survivor: and that after the decease of Your Majesty and of the said Queen, the said Crown and regal government should be and remain to the heirs of the body of the said late Queen; and for default of such issue, to <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Highness" rel="wikipedia" title="Royal Highness">Her Royal Highness</a> the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%2C_Queen_of_Great_Britain" rel="wikipedia" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Princess Anne of Denmark</a>, and the heirs of her body; and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of Your Majesty.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjopCEu8_UpVt-pF1wwvBtbrPee5tfDNf3z0woezsQXYk_WYmda6RoYwd1bVWW0EnCzo14ajz6QFhh7VDWvQ96DaM5Xm1t8Ti7Ci5-nIUV_H026ESGStePbBZdAkyy35iVcbYMucTmf3dw/s1600/King+JAMES+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjopCEu8_UpVt-pF1wwvBtbrPee5tfDNf3z0woezsQXYk_WYmda6RoYwd1bVWW0EnCzo14ajz6QFhh7VDWvQ96DaM5Xm1t8Ti7Ci5-nIUV_H026ESGStePbBZdAkyy35iVcbYMucTmf3dw/s1600/King+JAMES+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And it was thereby further enacted, that all and every person and persons that then were, or afterwards should be reconciled to, or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome, or should profess the popish religion, or marry a papist, should be excluded, and are by that Act made for ever incapable to inherit, possess, or enjoy <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown" rel="wikipedia" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> and government of this realm, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, or any part of the same, or to have, use, or exercise any regal power, authority, or jurisdiction within the same: and in all and every such case and cases the people of these realms shall be and are thereby absolved of their allegiance: and that the said Crown and government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons, being Protestants, as should have inherited and enjoyed the same, in case the said person or persons, so reconciled, holding communion, professing or marrying, as aforesaid, were naturally dead.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">After the making of which statute, and the settlement therein contained, your majesty's good subjects, who were restored to the full and free possession and enjoyment of their religion, rights, and liberties, by the providence of God giving success to your majesty's just undertakings and unwearied endeavours for that purpose, had no greater temporal felicity to hope or wish for, that to see a royal progeny descending from Your Majesty, to whom (under God) they owe their tranquillity, and whose ancestors have for many years been principal assertors of the reformed religion and the liberties of Europe, and from our said most gracious sovereign lady, whose memory will always be precious to the subjects of these realms: and it having since pleased <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" rel="wikipedia" title="God">Almighty God</a> to take away our said sovereign Lady, and also the most hopeful <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William%2C_Duke_of_Gloucester" rel="wikipedia" title="Prince William, Duke of Gloucester">Prince William, Duke of Gloucester</a> (the only surviving issue of Her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark) to the unspeakable grief and sorrow of Your Majesty and your said good subjects, who under such losses being sensibly put in mind, that it standeth wholly in the pleasure of Almighty God to prolong the lives of Your Majesty and of Her Royal Highness, and to grant to Your Majesty, or to Her Royal Highness, such issue as may be inheritable to the Crown and regal government aforesaid, by the respective limitations in the said recited act contained, do constantly implore the divine mercy for those blessings: and Your Majesty's said subjects having daily experience of your royal care and concern for the present and future welfare of these Kingdoms, and particularly recommending from your throne a further provision to be made for the succession of the Crown in the Protestant line, for the happiness of the nation, and the security of our religion; and it being absolutely necessary for the safety, peace, and quiet of this realm, to obviate all doubts and contentions in the same, by reason of any pretended title to the Crown, and to maintain a certainty in the succession thereof, to which your subjects may safely have recourse for their protection, in case the limitations in the said recited act should determine.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Therefore for a further provision of the succession of the Crown in the Protestant line, we Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.4988055556,-0.124861111111&spn=0.005,0.005&q=51.4988055556,-0.124861111111%20%28House%20of%20Lords%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="House of Lords">Lords Spiritual and Temporal</a>, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, do beseech Your Majesty that it may be enacted and declared, and be it enacted and declared by the King's most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, That the most excellent Princess Sophia, Electress and Duchess Dowager of Hanover, daughter of the most excellent Princess Elizabeth, late <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bohemian_consorts" rel="wikipedia" title="List of Bohemian consorts">Queen of Bohemia</a>, daughter of our late sovereign lord <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England" rel="wikipedia" title="James I of England">King James the First</a>, of happy memory, be and is hereby declared to be the next in succession, in the Protestant line, to the imperial Crown and dignity of the said Realms of England, France, and Ireland, with the dominions and territories thereunto belonging, after His Majesty, and the Princess Anne of Denmark, and in default of issue of the said Princess Anne, and of His Majesty respectively: and that from and after the deceases of His said Majesty, our now sovereign lord, and of Her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark, and for default of issue of the said Princess Anne, and of His Majesty respectively, the Crown and regal government of the said Kingdoms of England, France, and Ireland, and of the dominions thereunto belonging, with the royal state and dignity of the said Realms, and all honours, styles, titles, regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions and authorities, to the same belonging and appertaining, shall be, remain, and continue to the said most excellent Princess Sophia, and the heirs of her body, being Protestants: and thereunto the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, shall and will in the name of all the people of this Realm, most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and posterities: and do faithfully promise, that after the deceases of His Majesty, and Her Royal Highness, and the failure of the heirs of their respective bodies, to stand to, maintain, and defend the said Princess Sophia, and the heirs of her body, being Protestants, according to the limitation and succession of the Crown in this act specified and contained, to the utmost of their powers, with their lives and estates, against all persons whatsoever that shall attempt anything to the contrary.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8tvI1YndTlUQXUFivpJtgr6QGZ6Bc_URFG-4I4xq0Gd9jqV2WgysyA8RoEsW1DHhsscsWGJXz3BZbsgesFLcfhWU9PQQjKVH8QBDekWKqyUY_iMZHLleDBBQ1ASrRJ_ycmBVwjSpcCic/s1600/Princess+SOPHIA+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8tvI1YndTlUQXUFivpJtgr6QGZ6Bc_URFG-4I4xq0Gd9jqV2WgysyA8RoEsW1DHhsscsWGJXz3BZbsgesFLcfhWU9PQQjKVH8QBDekWKqyUY_iMZHLleDBBQ1ASrRJ_ycmBVwjSpcCic/s1600/Princess+SOPHIA+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">II. Provided always, and be it hereby enacted, that all and every person and persons, who shall or may take or inherit the said Crown, by virtue of the limitation of this present act, and is, are or shall be reconciled to, or shall hold communion with, the See or Church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, or shall marry a papist, shall be subject to such incapacities, as in such case or cases are by the said recited act provided, enacted, and established; and that every King and Queen of this Realm, who shall come to and succeed in the imperial Crown of this Kingdom, by virtue of this act, shall have the coronation oath administered to him, her or them, at their respective coronations, according to the act of Parliament made in the first year of the reign of His Majesty, and the said late Queen Mary, intituled, An act for establishing the coronation oath, and shall make, subscribe, and repeat the declaration in the act first above recited mentioned or referred to, in the manner and form thereby prescribed.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBPESNqxlIudlznaC0D9HWnYpOglSLqAs8gm4v4TndAFaOnrOOC7vU2No0pNVKGwRoD5Q6BUgKat_yoSNofUtEO-n7qZeAvn-Wkj4yqleTunK3Hk5nrDiE7zHlBo_Uiook7Gbj3tIijIA/s1600/QUEEN+MARY+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBPESNqxlIudlznaC0D9HWnYpOglSLqAs8gm4v4TndAFaOnrOOC7vU2No0pNVKGwRoD5Q6BUgKat_yoSNofUtEO-n7qZeAvn-Wkj4yqleTunK3Hk5nrDiE7zHlBo_Uiook7Gbj3tIijIA/s1600/QUEEN+MARY+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">III. And whereas it is requisite and necessary that some further provision be made for securing our religion, laws and liberties, from and after the death of His Majesty and the Princess Anne of Denmark, and in default of issue of the body of the said Princess, and of His Majesty respectively; be it enacted by the King's most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, That whosoever shall hereafter come to the possession of this Crown, shall join in communion with the Church of England, as by law established;</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2-0tNgsk2SAATEaOMsVMZDt0S5ZGxeKMeMS_nKI8fp42GbrcSibwrYColH-2vhE5K1Ehg6oN0yZYMdkpvsx0LHN05tcEBtx1i7PavSgdFpL2yx5p8g9FNAEyPE3XEuRNfk4LCScmess/s1600/CROWN+Reg+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2-0tNgsk2SAATEaOMsVMZDt0S5ZGxeKMeMS_nKI8fp42GbrcSibwrYColH-2vhE5K1Ehg6oN0yZYMdkpvsx0LHN05tcEBtx1i7PavSgdFpL2yx5p8g9FNAEyPE3XEuRNfk4LCScmess/s1600/CROWN+Reg+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That in case the Crown and imperial dignity of this Realm shall hereafter come to any person, not being a native of this Kingdom of England, this nation be not obliged to engage in any war for the defence of any dominions or territories which do not belong to the Crown of England, without the consent of Parliament;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That no person who shall hereafter come to the possession of this Crown, shall go out of the dominions of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, or </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, without the consent of Parliament;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That from and after the time that the further limitation by this act shall take effect, all matters and things relating to the well governing of this Kingdom, which are properly cognizable in the Privy Council by the laws and customs of this Realm, shall be translated there, and all resolutions taken thereupon shall be signed by such of the Privy Council as shall advise and consent to the same;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That after the said limitation shall take effect as aforesaid, no person born out of the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, or Ireland, or the dominions thereunto belonging (although he be naturalized or made a denizen, except such as are born of English parents) shall be capable to be of the Privy Council, or a member of either House of Parliament, or to enjoy any office or place of trust, either civil or military, or to have any grant of lands, tenements or hereditaments from the Crown, to himself or to any other or others in trust for him;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That no person who has an office or place of profit under the King, or receives a pension from the Crown, shall be capable of serving as a member of the House of Commons;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That after the said limitation shall take effect as aforesaid, judges commissions be made quamdiu se bene gesserint, and their salaries ascertained and established; but upon the address of both Houses of Parliament it may be lawful to remove them;</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4XyLuOEOcGKYxWyN6LpRjD1z7DJwqPn8XWPnOj1wu8hGw2Xpk6i0IepmydIvvaglV_DWEngdNzN2jcXnWmW8A18CJm4Fq-jPMVY0kOfN_M6LCfUgSAX4YGC4-QLhyphenhyphentIEgYyE31hkEpQw/s1600/KING+%2526+CANTERBURY+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4XyLuOEOcGKYxWyN6LpRjD1z7DJwqPn8XWPnOj1wu8hGw2Xpk6i0IepmydIvvaglV_DWEngdNzN2jcXnWmW8A18CJm4Fq-jPMVY0kOfN_M6LCfUgSAX4YGC4-QLhyphenhyphentIEgYyE31hkEpQw/s1600/KING+%2526+CANTERBURY+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That no pardon under the Great Seal of England be pleadable to an impeachment by the Commons in Parliament.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">IV. And whereas the laws of England are the birth-right of the people thereof, and all the Kings and Queens, who shall ascend the throne of this Realm, ought to administer the government of the same according to the said laws, and all their officers and ministers ought to serve them respectively according to the same: the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, do therefore further humbly pray, That all the laws and statutes of this Realm for securing the established religion, and the rights and liberties of the people thereof, and all other laws and statutes of the same now in force, may be ratified and confirmed, and the same are by His Majesty, by and with the advice of the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, and by authority of the same, ratified and confirmed accordingl</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div><br />
Regards,<br />
Greg L-W. <b> </b><br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><br />
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<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports.<br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers. <br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=f027d28e-7598-4ff9-838f-83ddc1618afe" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-40785614166978299152011-03-20T00:10:00.001+00:002011-03-20T00:26:48.373+00:00#GD035* - EU CITIZENSHIP - A LEGAL OPINION#GD035* - EU CITIZENSHIP - A LEGAL OPINION<br />
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: left;"> </h1><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The law of the constitution of these United Kingdom<br />
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">and citizenship of the European Union</span></h1><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">___________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">O P I N I O N</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">____________</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1. By instructions in writing received from Shentons, solicitors, of Winchester, I am asked to advise on the issue of Citizenship of the European Union (hereinafter <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" rel="wikipedia" title="European Union">the EU</a>) and a range of constitutional issues arising from the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Community (hereinafter the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_number" rel="wikipedia" title="EC number">EC</a>). My lay client is Sanity, a campaigning group which for perfectly proper reasons is opposed to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> ratification of the Treaty of Nice and </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> membership of the EC. In particular the group seeks clarification of the opaque nature of EU Citizenship and advice on remedies. I propose first of all to set out some of the background by way of introduction, deal with the issue of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" rel="wikipedia" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship of the EU</a>, remedies and then deal with the related constitutional points including State Trial by Bill of Attainder. Almost inevitably, since we are dealing with constitutional and international law, this opinion ventures into areas of political controversy. That goes with the territory. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The European Community</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2. Although various political philosophers have dreamt (or fantasised, depending on one’s point of view) about the destruction of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s many nation states and their replacement by a new pan-<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" rel="wikipedia" title="Member state of the European Union">European state</a>, serious thought was not given to the subject until early in the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" rel="wikipedia" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, when the Germans were still contemplating victory. A method had to be found of bringing the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Occupied</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Territories</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> more closely into the German orbit after victory had been achieved, without permanently stationing large garrisons. The brief was given to the Reich Ministry of Economic Affairs, which came up the with the concept of the Europaische Wirtschaft Gemeinschaft, or <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community" rel="wikipedia" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, which essentially consisted of a single currency zone centred on the Reichsmark, a customs union with the economies of the Occupied Territories orientated towards Germany under strategic German direction and puppet governments administering nominally sovereign governments in the former Occupied Territories. These plans were refined after the war, and in much-modified form (inevitable given </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Germany</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s defeat), with substantial French input, the EEC came about in 1957.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span> Curiously, the original Nazi nomenclature was retained, albeit that the Nazi origination of both the name and broad concept of the EEC was not over-emphasised, doubtless for presentational reasons. As a victorious power, with a close relationship with the United States and the Commonwealth, Her Majesty’s Government, sensibly in the opinion of some, refused to have anything to do with it, although politically the way was cleared by the replacement of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.myspace.com/everything/anthony-eden" rel="myspaceeverything" title="Anthony Eden">Sir Anthony Eden</a> as Prime Minister and the unexpected death of the anti-EEC Leader of the Opposition, each being replaced by a leader more sympathetic to the EEC.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3. It seems clearly to have been understood by the politicians responsible for the Treaty of Rome that there was no popular support in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> for a new state. The new body, although supranational with its own highly politicised civil service (the Commission) and court (the ECJ), came into being with an intergovernmental treaty, and the Member States remained sovereign. Each retained its own government, unique legal system, Head of State, armed forces, constitution, national flag and all the other indices of sovereignty. I am not aware of a single instance of a sovereign state declining to receive an Ambassador from or send one to an EC member state on the basis that it was no longer sovereign. The sovereignty of member states was recognised by the practice of non-EC states and the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" rel="wikipedia" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a>, membership of which is limited to sovereign nation states (UN Charter, preamble and Articles 3 and 4). </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">France</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> for example retained membership of the Security Council after 1957, which she would have been obliged to give up had she surrendered her <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" rel="wikipedia" title="Sovereignty">legal sovereignty</a>. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">4. This is not to discount the enormous practical, legal and governmental implications of membership, which involved the steady transfer of power and responsibility away from the member states. Amazingly not all of the member states amended their constitutions to take account of EC membership – </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Italy</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> being the most spectacular example, given that the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Italian</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Republic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> is the custodian of the treaty of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Rome</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Now it may be objected that the organs of the EC, especially the Commission, the ECJ and the ‘Parliament’ (strictly it is a consultative assembly and not a legislature) have federal ambitions and so they do, but there is a clear legal and practical distinction between ambition and achievement. The </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">State</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> remains a dream (or a nightmare, depending on one’s point of view). It is not a legal or constitutional reality, a fact recognised by the European Commission and member governments at Nice. The very fact of convening an intergovernmental conference demonstrated the necessity of the consent of the member states. Signor Prodi is the President of the Commission. He is not the Head of State of the European Union, any more than Signor Mussolini was the Head of State of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Italy</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> in the Fascist era.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span> He may behave like a Head of State, with respect to him, but many people, even Prime Ministers, may behave like Heads of State without ever becoming one. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5. The ECJ very early on decided that the EC was <i>sui generis. </i>In <i>Costa v. ENEL </i>[1963] ECR 585<i> </i>and <i>Van Gend en Loos </i>[1963] ECR 1 it surprisingly (with respect) managed to find that community law took priority over the legal systems of sovereign member states. These cases (and those which followed, including <i>Simmenthal </i>[1978] ECR 629<i> </i>and <i>Factortame</i> [1991] 1 AC 603) were each of them wrongly decided. As a matter of international treaty law such a startling conclusion, tending to subvert the democratic constitutions of the member states, required the plainest possible language in the Treaty of Rome. If the member states had wished to devalue their legal systems in this way they could have said so. Had they done so no doubt the treaty might not have come about, but that does not weaken the legal argument against the validity of the <i>Costa</i> principle, which whilst it is firmly accepted by the ECJ itself and other EC organs is not in fact accepted by all the member states, some of whose courts have rejected it – in particular the Federal German Constitutional Court in <i>Brunner</i> and the Danish Supreme Court in <i>Carlson & Fischer & ors</i>. (1999) 3 CMLR 854. As those instructing me may know the High Court will be invited in November in <i>Thoburn & ors v. </i></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sunderland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">City</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Council & ors </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to reject the doctrine here.<i> </i>In none of these decisions however did the ECJ go so far as to assert that the EC was a state, nor is there any basis in community law for such an assertion, which would amount to a direct attack on the sovereignty of the member states in flagrant violation of international law, arguably amounting to a crime against peace. Indeed, as the Defence have asserted in the <i>Thoburn </i>case, it is strongly arguable that the <i>Costa</i> doctrine is in breach of the <i>jus cogens</i> right of the member states to self-determination and freedom from interference in their internal affairs. The difficulty arises from the incremental method of creating a federal state – whilst it allowed for federalisation by stealth and got around the problem of lack of popular consent, it left the member states, including the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, intact and able to exercise all the rights of a nation state. As the EU declines in popularity it becomes less risky and hence more likely for politicians to find the political will to stand up for the rights of nation states against the central institutions of the EU, creating a dangerous potential for conflict. No democratic constitution has yet been destroyed anywhere without a collapse in popular support. The task of destroying the member states and creating a new one is by no means as straightforward as the draftsmen of the Rome Treaty may have believed. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">6. A constitutional lawyer confronted in say 1973 with the question of whether the EC was a sovereign state and whether the UK or other member states retained sovereignty might well have advised that the ultimate test would come with war. If the EC were a state then under international law and the laws of war an organised armed attack on any part of its territory by the armed forces of another state would amount to an act of war. If sovereignty resided in the member states (I do not take seriously the notion of shared sovereignty, which is a contradiction in terms and merely a piece of spin – either a state is sovereign or it is not) then only the state attacked would be at war and subject only to mutual assistance agreements (such as the North Atlantic Treaty) or guarantees of neutrality the other member states would remain neutral. Now a politician might have replied in 1973 that war was unlikely, but it is the fate of politicians to repeat past mistakes. Weakness in the face of aggression and ill-advised defence cuts had arguably made the Second World War inevitable. Serious retrenchment in our Armed Forces in the 1970’s and early 1980’s, including the scrapping of our last big gun cruisers<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span> and fleet aircraft carriers<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span> seriously reduced the Royal Navy’s deepwater capability. The RAF’s long-range bombing capability was reduced at the same time, giving inevitable encouragement to potential aggressors to attack our remaining colonial possessions. Unsurprisingly, in April 1982, the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Falkland Islands</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> were invaded and the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> again found itself at war. No war was actually declared, although since very few wars are started in that gentlemanly way that is quite irrelevant in determining whether a state of war existed. Very plainly it did. What happened? </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7. The short answer is that without objection from the EC the UK conducted the war as a Sovereign State, without reference to EC organs or the other member states, who retained neutral status throughout (all that is except France which arguably committed a most serious violation of neutrality by permitting the passage of an enemy special forces team tasked with attacking shipping in Gibraltar, the team only being exposed after the successful attack on the ARA <i>General Belgrano<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></b></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b>[5]</b></span> </i>foreshadowed Argentina’s defeat). None of what happened in 1982 can remotely be reconciled with a theory of EC sovereignty. Parliament was recalled and very splendidly a Task Force was despatched to recover the islands, which after a short but magnificent campaign it duly did. It is doubtful that the ships of the Task Force possessed an EC flag between them. Certainly none could have been flown without risk of confusion and a breach of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the Hague</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Rules governing naval warfare, and the EC’s role was limited to some fairly ineffectual sanctions. None of the other member states treated the attack on the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Falklands</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> as an attack upon itself, the operation was entirely British controlled and conducted and very properly the War Cabinet did not refer any question concerning the conduct of hostilities to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. In a federal state none of this could have happened, any more than </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Arkansas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> could have remained neutral after the Japanese attack on </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Pearl</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Harbour</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. An attack on </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Oahu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, being an attack on </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">US</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> territory, was in law an attack on every one of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United States</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, even though </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Hawaii</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> was not then a state.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">8. In the result the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s membership of the EC made no material difference to the conduct or outcome of the war, and no state in the world, including the enemy, treated any other member state of the EC as a belligerent power. In the premises it is quite impossible to argue that the UK was not a sovereign state in 1982, which post-dated EEC accession by a decade, nor is it possible to argue that subsequent intergovernmental treaties, none of which purported to alter that position, transformed the EC into a state, albeit that they may have represented steps along the way. This also applies to the Treaty of Nice, which leaves the fundamental nature of the EC unaltered. If brought into force the Treaty would involve a huge transfer of power to the centre, but it does not purport to abolish the nation states and still assumes that any further changes to the Treaty of Rome would require either unanimous agreement at an intergovernmental conference or changes by majority vote (itself a very dangerous procedure for any nation state ever to agree to) in accordance with treaty provisions. The supposed irreversibility of the Treaty changes is immaterial – the fact that the Treaty of Rome makes no provision for withdrawal does not exclude withdrawal in accordance with the Vienna Convention or general international law. Even the prosecution in the <i>Thoburn</i> case do not argue that the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> could not withdraw or indeed over-ride any community law provision expressly by Act of Parliament. Nothing that has happened since 1972 is irreversible so far as the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> is concerned – we can withdraw from the EC at will. A bill to repeal the European Communities Act 1972 would not be a particularly complicated piece of legislation, provided it contained transitional provisions and allowed ministers to replace EC directives and regulations implementing them over say a two year period. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Treaty of Nice</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">9. It is impossible to refer to the Treaty of Nice in this context without commenting adversely on the wholly improper decision of the British Government to proceed with ratification following its rejection by the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Republic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. As a matter of comity and international law (see eg the Declaration of Principles of International Law of 1970) a state should refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of another sovereign state and in particular should not interfere in its democratic process. A multilateral treaty requiring ratification by all parties (it is possible for a treaty to enter into force on ratification by a specified number of signatories – the treaty establishing the International Criminal Court is one such – but it does not bind those parties which fail to ratify) fails on rejection by a state party. That is this case. It is quite wrong for the other state parties to proceed because to do so is to put pressure on the rejecting state. The Treaty of Nice has failed and it is a nonsense for ministers to put a failed treaty before Parliament for ratification. I am asked to advise on how Treaty might be rejected. The answer is in the House of Lords, which as a matter of constitutional law is not in the least bound to give its consent to a breach of comity with the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Republic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Nothing in the governing party’s manifesto guys the House of Lords, because the manifesto was published before Ireland’s rejection of the Nice Treaty, the General Election was held on the same day as the Irish referendum on the matter and no-one could seriously claim that the electorate had given the government a mandate to pressurise the Irish electorate in a manner quite contrary to international law and established principles governing friendly relations between democratic states. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Legal Personality</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10. Under the Treaty of Maastricht the EC was given legal personality, and it is proposed to give the EU legal personality, but legal personality, whilst it is a requirement of statehood is not conclusive of it. All states have legal personality but every body with legal personality is not a state. The International Tin Council had legal personality but that did not make it a state.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span> Blackpool Corporation has legal personality but that does not make </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Blackpool</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> a state, or entitle the Corporation to set up immigration control at the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Blackpool</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> frontier, or the Mayor to expect a seat in the UN General Assembly. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <b>Citizenship of the European Union</b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">11. Citizenship can only be of a State (see generally the treatment in Fransman, <i>British Nationality Law</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed). Citizenship is to be distinguished from residence, even settled residence (it is possible for foreign and Commonwealth nationals to have lawful permanent residence in the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> without acquiring citizenship), domicile and leave to enter a particular state. In each case citizenship must be of a state, with an identified sovereign. In the case of British Citizens that sovereign is Our Liege Sovereign Lady. For the purposes of nationality law the term British subject is not used for British Citizens,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span> but altering the terminology does not alter the relationship between subject and Sovereign. Queen Elizabeth II is still our Queen and Head of State and we are still Her Subjects, owing allegiance to Her and no other. Dual nationals may owe allegiance to another sovereign, but not on British soil. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">12. It would be a nonsense for anyone to suggest that we are bound by allegiance to the European Union, or that ‘Citizenship of the European Union’ is anything other than a meaningless political concept, as vacuous as ‘Citizen of the World.’ Since there is no state called the European Union it can have no citizens. There are no duties owed to the EU save those imposed by community law and they are only imposed to the extent that they are adopted in accordance with the laws and constitutions of each sovereign state which is a member for the time being of the European Union. It may be complained that some treaty provisions are self-executing and so they are, but only where they do not conflict with the legal order of the member state concerned, as the Danish and German courts have held. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">13. This is not to deny the dangerous misunderstandings that can arise where a supranational body such as the EU summons the conceit to refer to citizens of sovereign states as EU Citizens and where treaties refer to “rights” and “duties.” As a matter of community law the “rights” attaching to EU citizenship can only be the largely worthless “rights “ spelt out in Article 17, which are either symbolic or add nothing to existing community law. The almost useless “right” of seeking assistance from the consular authorities of other member states is a case in point. Assuming an official could be found who was willing to help (and I am not aware of any occasion since the Treaty of Maastricht came into force where meaningful diplomatic assistance was rendered to nationals of other member states) the authorities of the host state would be perfectly entitled to object. A British Citizen in jail in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Texas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> could not just send for the French consul – the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United States</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> is not a party to nor is bound by the Treaty on European Union and the proper authorities of the State of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Texas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> both could and should refuse to permit such a farcical exercise. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">14. I see from the correspondence enclosed with my instructions that the Home Office and the Passport Office are of the same view. As a matter of law the Director of Operations of the United Kingdom Passport Agency<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span> is correct with respect when he states as he does in his letter of 9<sup>th</sup> August 2000 to a Director of Charles Robertson (Developments) Ltd that “there is no such thing as an EU citizen” and the “citizens of each member state retain their own national identity.” He is also right with respect in his letter dated </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24<sup>th</sup> January 2001</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> to state that Article 17 of the Treaty of Rome as amended confirms that national citizenship remains in place.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15. Further support for this view is to be found in the decision of the European Court of Justice in its ruling in <i>R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p. Manjit Kaur</i> (C-192/99), on a reference by Lightman J. from the Queens Bench Division. Mrs. Kaur did not have a close connection with the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and was a British Overseas Citizen as defined by the British Nationality Act 1981. This did not give the right to live and work in the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, but notwithstanding this she entered the country in 1990 on a temporary basis, failing to return at the conclusion of her limited stay. Eventually her lawyers argued that she was entitled to permanent residence on the basis of EU Citizenship. In order to do this they had to challenge the unilateral British declaration on the scope of British nationality for EU purposes made in 1972 and amended in 1982. As the ECJ confirmed these were important for the EU member states because in theory the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> government in 1972 might have equated British nationality with British Subject status and thereby entitled every Commonwealth Citizen to enter the EU as a matter of community law. The ECJ confirmed that Mrs Kaur was not a Citizen of the European Union and that nationality remained a matter for the member states, confirming its earlier ruling in <i>Micheletti & ors </i>(C-369/99).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">16. This ruling was quite incompatible with any concept of Citizenship of the European Union equating with citizenship of a state. Had the ruling gone the other way it might have undermined the Danish ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. My lay clients will recall the political crisis created by </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Denmark</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s initial rejection of the Maastricht Treaty in a popular referendum. Among Danish concerns was the very issue on which I am advising. The Heads of State and of Government of the European Community met at </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Edinburgh</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> agreed that CEU did not “in any way take the place of national citizenship.” The Declaration goes on to confirm that nationality of Member States was entirely a matter for the Member States concerned. I have access not only to the final declaration but also to some of the <i>travaux</i>, in particular the amendment proposed by the Danish delegation. The Danish demands were agreed without material alteration. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">17. As a matter of international law a state may enter a reservation prior to ratification of an international treaty. In a multilateral treaty such a reservation may either be incorporated (usually as a protocol) in the text of the treaty itself (treaties are read as one with their protocols) or in a separate document delivered to the other contracting parties. The Danish position on citizenship was communicated to every High Contracting Party to the Treaty of Maastricht, confirming in terms that Her Majesty the Queen of Denmark was not prepared to ratify the Treaty if CEU was to be other than a political and legal concept wholly to be distinguished from citizenship of a nation state. The other member states solemnly confirmed in a written declaration that CEU was not to be equated with citizenship of a state. I agree with the member states that CEU is not citizenship as such. It follows <i>a fortiori</i> that there is no inconsistency between the Danish position and the Treaty. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">18. In <i>Micheletti</i> the ECJ with respect was playing with fire when it sought to impose constraints on Member States as to the terms on which nationality could be lost and acquired, suggesting that member states had to have due regard to community law. That was wrong with respect, as it was inconsistent with the Edinburgh Declaration, which as I have demonstrated confirmed that nationality is entirely a matter for member states, none of which is bound to pay the slightest attention to community law. The observations in <i>Michelettii </i>were <i>obiter</i> however, that is to say non-binding comment. It does not appear that the text agreed at </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Edinburgh</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> was drawn to the court’s attention. Had the ECJ gone so far as to decide in either <i>Micheletti</i> or <i>Kaur</i> that Article 8 (now 17) had a meaning beyond that indicated to the Danish government by the other member states then in my opinion the document delivered by the high representatives of Her Danish Majesty’s government to the representatives of the other contracting parties to the Treaty of Maastricht would under international treaty law amount to a reservation, which would <b>require agreement by all the contracting parties, thereby re-opening the ratification process.</b> That is because a reservation must be agreed by all state parties to a multilateral treaty – there is no such thing in international law as a unilateral reservation, unless a treaty makes express provision for “opt-outs.” The ECJ came close to undermining the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maastricht</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> ratification (which was one of the most difficult of any international treaty, reflecting its enormously controversial provisions) in <i>Micheletti</i>. Aside from the contempt shown to the Queen of Denmark and her people (there are few bodies in the world with respect with such a track record of contemptuous disregard for the legal orders of sovereign nation states as the ECJ) the comments in <i>Micheletti</i> were economically illiterate with respect, since the Maastricht treaty is the sole (somewhat shaky) basis for the euro currency. It is perhaps fortunate that the markets were not following this litigation too closely.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Abandonment of Citizenship of the European Union</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">19. I fully appreciate that although CEU is an almost legally valueless concept, it is nonetheless deeply offensive to many people, including it would seem those instructing me, as is the unnecessary use of the words “European Community” on the cover of our passports. So far as that matter is concerned there is no legal reason at all why the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> government should not desist from the non-binding agreement, not incorporated in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> or community law, to use a common format. We could restore the old, blue, hard-backed format overnight without legislation or treaty change. Nor is there any legal obstacle to simply renewing the old blue passports for a further 10 years, if necessary with a new photograph, provided there is still space in the passport itself. Alternatively the Passport Office could simply offer people the option, although I could understand official reluctance to offer freedom of choice, which if the correspondence sent to me on the subject is any guide could lead to unsold stocks of the widely detested maroon ’EC’ passport. It is legal to enclose the new format passports in a facsimile cover of the old blue document and such covers are commercially available. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20. Mr. Sheehan correctly advises a method of overthrowing CEU status in his letter of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24<sup>th</sup> January 2000</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Only British Citizens and those with a close connection with </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Gibraltar</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (who are of course British) are CEUs. It follows, as Mr. Sheehan advises, that anyone throwing over their British Citizenship under s.12 of the British Nationality Act 1981 (BNA81) would lose CEU status. Before making such a declaration, in order to avoid statelessness, it is a requirement under s.12 that the nationality of another jurisdiction is held or acquired. What Mr. Sheehan does not say of course is that the right of abode in the United Kingdom is not dependent on British Citizenship – anyone born here before 1<sup>st</sup> January 1983 will have acquired the right of abode under the Immigration Act 1971<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span> and ironically would re-acquire the status of a British Subject if the nationality of another member state of the Commonwealth was obtained. Under s.37 of the BNA81 the terminology of British Subject was abandoned for British citizens, but it is axiomatic that an Act of Parliament is presumed not to extend to the dominions unless the contrary intention appears in the Act itself or arises as a matter of necessary implication. A Canadian Citizen for example is not affected by anything in the BNA81, so someone born in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> prior to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1<sup>st</sup> January 1983</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> who acquired Canadian Citizenship could renounce British Citizenship, throw over Citizenship of the European Union and be entitled to call himself a British Subject at the same time. (It is still proper for us to describe ourselves as subjects of HM the Queen, or informally as British subjects, but not British Subjects in the formal sense). I suspect that if the Canadian or any other Commonwealth government were willing to issue passports to British-born applicants describing them as “Citizen of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Canada</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and British Subject” etc. they would earn useful fee income. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Status of Our Beloved Sovereign</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">21. The status of HM the Queen is raised a number of times in the papers sent to me. It seems that the government has allowed the misconception to grow up that by means that have not yet been identified Her Majesty is a Citizen of the European Union. Certainly there is no Act of Parliament which says so. If the government wish to alter the status of the Sovereign by Act they must do three things. Firstly they must state in the Bill that it is intended to bind the Sovereign. Secondly, as a matter both of courtesy and common sense, the Prime Minister must go to his Sovereign and seek Her assent to the Bill, which assent is then communicated in the ordinary way to the House of Commons. If the Prime Minister is foolish enough to go off on a legislative frolic of his own he risks refusal of Royal Assent to his Bill. Our Liege Sovereign Lady with respect is not a rubber stamp and is not obliged to put Her name to every piece of legislative nonsense which is put in front of Her, although doubtless as a constitutional monarch She would grant the Prime Minister a dissolution if he wished to go to the country on the issue. Thirdly, if the Bill affects the status of the Sovereign (and making Her a CEU would do that, albeit that the effect would largely be symbolic) both as a matter of comity and in accordance with the Statute of Westminster II and the various independence statutes which incorporate Westminster II principles he should consult with the governments of all sixteen countries of which Her Majesty is the Head of State and obtain their agreement. In relation to some countries (Eg </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Canada</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Australia</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, and </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">New Zealand</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) governmental consent would not suffice and there would need to be Parliamentary approval. It must always be borne in mind that the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> is only one of a number of countries which have the great good fortune if I may say so to enjoy having Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">22. None of those things was done in relation to the Bill incorporating the Maastricht Treaty and it follows as a matter of constitutional law that Her Majesty is not a Citizen of the European Union. If the government are going about saying so they should cease and desist forthwith. They might at the same time take care to mind their manners. The same observation extends to officials of the EC and other member states, if they have summoned the sheer gall and effrontery to describe Her Majesty as a Citizen of the European Union, a concept that many right-thinking people in this country would regard as extraordinarily offensive. If that were the official position of any EC member state (and I doubt it) then that state would risk forfeiting any claim on the friendship of the British people. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">23. I might add that Her Majesty is not a British Citizen either, since nothing in the BNA81 extends to the Crown. Her Majesty is British (as well as Canadian, Australian, Jamaican etc), but not a British Citizen within the meaning of the Act, which is purely a nationality statute. If it be objected that Her passport would describe Her as a British Citizen, my response would be that I am not aware that Her Majesty possesses such a document. As the British Sovereign She would not ordinarily be subjected to customs and immigration formalities at the frontier of a receiving state, which would as a courtesy have been given advance notification of Her Majesty’s arrival, even on a private visit, indeed any receiving state would doubtless be cautious before subjecting a visiting Head of State to any indignity at its frontier. Wars have been started for less. Since CEU status only attaches to British Citizens and British Dependent Territories Citizens by virtue of connection with </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Gibraltar</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, this is another ground for saying that Her Majesty is not a Citizen of the European Union. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Remedies</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24. I have been shown in my instructions a number of ‘Notices of Treason’ that were handed in at Magistrates Courts up and down the country, together with some chilly responses from divers, bemused Justices Clerks. I cannot say that I would have advised such a course of action and I am bound to advise strongly against the proposed plan to trouble various County Courts with applications in respect of CEU. It seems to me that the ruling of the ECJ in <i>Manjit Kaur </i>answers the question posed in my instructions. I cannot see that a declaration is necessary. It would certainly be expensive and so far as I can tell would serve no useful purpose in circumstances where the Attorney-General (who would be the proper respondent) would be extremely unlikely to say that CEU was equivalent to citizenship of a state or anything like it. He could be written to, and shown this Opinion if so advised, but he would be unlikely to risk unravelling the Maastricht Treaty (and risk undermining the euro in the foreign currency exchange markets by raising official doubts about the legality of the currency, doubts which would no doubt be in worldwide circulation on the Internet within hours of such dramatic correspondence being received) by departing from the interpretation of Article 8 agreed to by Her Majesty’s Government in the Edinburgh Declaration. It is important to note that if it were to be put about that CEU was equivalent to citizenship of a state it would not just be the Danish government which would have locus to challenge the Maastricht Treaty – any defaulting party to a contract which specified the euro as the contract currency could simply cite failure of the other member states to agree to the Danish reservation as a justification for not paying, as the currency no longer had any legal basis, not that it would matter much since an attack by the United Kingdom government or courts on the Danish ratification would probably send the currency into freefall anyway, to the point where the defaulting party could buy them cheaply (sending a man with a wheelbarrow if necessary to collect them from the bank). It must always be remembered that huge euro positions are held by insurance companies, trusts and so on, which are under a legal obligation to secure the best return for third parties and would be very exposed if the legal basis for the currency was put into doubt and they did not sell those positions without delay.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25. The proper venue for an application would be the Administrative Court of the High Court, by way of application for permission for leave to apply for judicial review, which would probably be refused since judicial review is a discretionary (and rather inadequate) remedy, and it would be argued, not unreasonably, by Mr. Attorney that the issue was already settled. The County Court would have no jurisdiction to consider the matter and any application made would be refused with costs and rightly so. It is quite likely, if not inevitable, that costs would also be awarded in the High Court.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">26. I cannot depart this subject, as a constitutional lawyer, without commenting adversely on the extraordinary decision by the EC to replace national currencies with a treaty based currency, without first creating a new state. The risks of such a venture are exposed starkly in my opinion by the casual approach of the ECJ to the CEU issue in <i>Micheletti</i>. The starting point for any discussion on the meaning of Article 17 must surely be the Edinburgh Declaration, where all the State Parties to the Treaty of Maastricht agreed on the meaning of what was then Article 8. The problem is that the Edinburgh Declaration did not bind the ECJ, which as a matter of community law is free to depart from the meaning accorded by the member states. The problem is exacerbated by the nature of the ECJ, which with respect lacks expertise in the constitutional traditions of the Member States, which surely ought to be a core competency for any international treaty-based court. Not only does the court lack this competency it also lacks respect for the sovereignty of member states, as demonstrated in its facile (with respect) judgments in <i>Costa</i>, <i>Simmenthal</i> and <i>Factortame</i>, any one of which could have led to the immediate break-up of the EC had there been stronger governments in the member states. In <i>Factortame</i> for example HMG could simply have responded by refusing to amend the Merchant Shipping Act and sending the Royal Navy into the fishing grounds to enforce it, with the inevitable risk of a clash with the Spanish Navy<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span> had it responded, possibly leading to war, a possibility which seems never to have occurred to the ECJ even though it was engaged on a quite astonishing attack on the Sovereignty of Parliament and of the United Kingdom, requiring British ministers to act unconstitutionally, in order to force a great maritime nation (not to mention the world’s third nuclear power, with a strategic intercontinental thermonuclear strike capability) to allow foreign vessels to fly its flag in its own waters, a national humiliation without precedent since the surrender of Singapore.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The poor quality (again with respect) of many of the judges of the ECJ, most of whom are political appointees, adds to the potential dangers for the euro. As it is, an anti-euro Danish government (which could hardly be ruled out given the shattering political impact in Denmark of the rejection of the euro in last year’s referendum) could damage the currency were it to take issue with the comments in <i>Micheletti</i> on the need for member states to have regard to community law when laying down conditions for the acquisition and loss of nationality, a requirement which features nowhere in the Edinburgh Declaration. The reality is that the organs of the EC, including the ECJ, have been singularly fortunate in the supine quality of the governments of the member states, including our own, none of which has been willing seriously to deploy the powerful armoury of weapons available under international law to a sovereign government faced with an external attack on its sovereignty. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bills of Attainder</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">27. Turning now to the very powerful weapons in the constitutional armoury of Parliament, I am asked to advise on Bills of Attainder. I must qualify this section of my Opinion by advising firstly that Attainder is a ‘nuclear option’ for Parliament, only to be used in the case of high crimes and misdemeanours by those in public office or high position and secondly that as a safeguard Attainder may only be used with the consent of the Commons, so that the weapon when deployed may have democratic as well as constitutional legitimacy. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">28. Those instructing me will be well acquainted with the difficulties of using the ordinary courts against persons of power and influence in society, who have abused their positions now or in the past to betray their country. That the country has been betrayed on the subject of the EC I am prepared to assume for the purposes of this advice. Certainly ministers have been party to grossly misleading statements both to Parliament and the country on the constitutional impact of EC membership. It would be fair to characterise those deceptions as material, in so far as Parliament most probably would not have passed the European Communities Bill into law had it been alerted to the dangers to its statutes of a decision such as <i>Factortame</i> and the referendum in 1975 most probably would not have been won by the government of the day had it acted in good faith.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">29. The ordinary courts however are not the answer. As those instructing me are well aware government ministers would have been vulnerable to conviction for High Treason in respect of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maastricht</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Amsterdam</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and Nice Treaties, each of which was signed without the authority of Parliament, under s.1 of the Treason Act 1795. Sensibly however the Government successfully promoted the repeal of this useful legislation, passed in the aftermath of the French Revolution to protect the Constitution, by means of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, taking care not to draw the country’s attention to what it was doing. At the same time ministers, wisely perhaps, having regard to their European policy, watered down the penalty for High Treason from death by hanging to life imprisonment. The government retains control however over all criminal prosecutions by means of <i>nolle prosequi</i>, so that the Attorney-General could always bring proceedings to a halt. The result is that the ordinary courts are almost powerless to control treason by ministers. Parliament however is not so hamstrung. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30. I am pleased to see recent signs of Parliament, which has been in decline ever since it agreed to EC entry, beginning to re-assert its will. It may well be that the nonsense of government ministers negotiating international treaties with implications for our domestic law without Parliament’s authority is coming to an end. The proper course is for ministers to go first to Parliament, by means of an enabling Act, for authority to negotiate. The enabling Act sensibly would provide immunity to ministers from prosecution for treason for doing anything that was within the scope of their authority as granted by Parliament. The ministers who negotiated the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maastricht</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Amsterdam</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and Nice Treaties had no such authority. Certainly none was contained within the ECA72, which only applied to existing treaties. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">31. In a proper case a Bill of Attainder could be brought in. This awesome form of proceeding is designed to hold the highest in the land to account before Parliament. It has rightly been described by Erskine May<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span> as the “highest form of Parliamentary judicature.” No occasion to use it has arisen since the eighteenth century, which is not to say to say that the power is obsolete – a Bill of Attainder could be brought in tomorrow, if Parliament were sitting. It is important to emphasise that an Act of Attainder is primary legislation, so that it is not governed by the Human Rights Act 1998, nor does the limitation on punishment contained in the 6<sup>th</sup> Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights apply. A Bill of Attainder proceeds through Parliament in the same way as any other primary legislation, save that it takes the form of a State Trial and the Defendants are entitled to be defended through counsel, cross-examine witnesses for the State and call witnesses in their own behalf.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span> Unlike an impeachment the Commons are judges of equal jurisdiction with the Lords. Bills of Attainder are normally brought in the House of Lords, but there is precedent for bringing in a Bill of Attainder in the Commons.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span> The Defendants would ordinarily be in custody throughout. Although the attainder procedure has been misused (eg by the Dublin Parliament against those loyal to King William III) it has normally been used against those who wished to subvert the State or the Crown with foreign assistance, and sends a useful message to the sponsoring state that its interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom has been discovered and will not be tolerated. Because of the involvement of foreign states behind the defendants there is usually tight security. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">32. Now of course I am not advising that a Bill of Attainder be brought in, nor am I asked to draw up an indictment. I am instructed only to advise on the procedure. There would be formidable political obstacles to overcome. Whilst it is a complex form of proceeding that has not been used for upwards of two centuries there are in my opinion no practical or procedural difficulties that could not be overcome. Provided that it is used only in a proper case, that is to say against someone of high standing who is beyond the reach of the ordinary courts and has abused his position so as to undermine the Crown and Constitution, attainder would be constitutional. No doubt there would be objections and these would be dressed up in constitutional form, along the lines that the procedure was inhumane, obsolete, or a breach of human rights and so on. Objection might also come from the judges, who might think that their authority was being undermined. None of these objections would have any validity.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
33. The human rights objection would in reality be a political objection. The procedure is more than fair, and although the formal rules of evidence do not apply, these have been watered down in the ordinary courts anyway, in both civil and criminal proceedings, with the enthusiastic support of the judges. The reason most attainders are quick is because there isn’t much scope for disputes of fact, but there is every opportunity to question the witnesses for the Crown and examine documents. To suggest that the procedure is obsolete would be to wholly misunderstand the nature of the British Constitution, which has immensely powerful safeguards, of which attainder is one. To say that it hasn’t been used for a long time is simply another way of saying that it has been a long time since our Constitution was under threat. Some judges, jealous of the power of Parliament, would object, but they could always be reminded that Parliament is itself a Court, the highest in the land. It is not for inferior courts to complain about the exercise by a superior court of its undoubted jurisdiction. There would in any event be plenty of scope for the involvement of the senior professional judiciary, most of whom sit in Parliament, in the upper house. However they were dressed up the objections would in most cases be rooted in jealousy of Parliament, political opposition to the Constitution and an anxiety to damage the British interest. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
34. Attainder is an immensely powerful weapon, which when justly used against enemies of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">British</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">State</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, is a mighty safeguard of liberty under the law and the birthright of the common people to live as a free people under a free Constitution. No-one who is loyal to their Sovereign and believes in the Sovereignty of Parliament need fear Parliament’s power over all in the land. The loyal and the innocent, the good and the poor, may rest easy that only the rich, the powerful and the guilty would ever be subjected to this awesome form of proceeding, the ultimate guarantor of the supremacy of the Queen in Parliament. Should a political criminal ever again be brought before the Bar of Parliament we may be assured that his or her crime against our Glorious Constitution would have been grave indeed. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Royal Prerogative</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35. Whilst I cannot agree with respect with every proposition of law put forward in the pamphlet “Defence of the Realm,” enclosed with my instructions, in particular the relationship between statute and common law and the nature of Magna Carta (which was a treaty and then put into statutory form in the reign of King Edward 1 – 25 Edw.1, 1297), I congratulate the author with respect on citing the extract from Bracton at page 9, the single most important piece of text in all of our long and magnificent constitutional history, in the course of which we have invented the concepts of liberty, rights and democracy. The full form of the great maxim is as follows: <i>ipse autem rex non debet esse sub homine, sed sub Deo, et sub lege, quia lex facit regem. Attribuat igitur rex legi, quod lex attribuat ei, videlicet dominationem et potestatem; non est enim rex, ubi dominatur voluntas et non lex</i>. The King Himself should not be subject to man but to God and the law, <b>for the law makes the King</b>. Therefore, the King should give to the law what the law gives to him, namely, dominion and power; <b>for there can be no King where will, and not law, governs</b>. It follows <i>a fortiori</i> that the exercise of the Royal Prerogative is subject to law and may be reviewed by the courts, a legal fact recognised in <i>Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service</i> [1985] AC 374, which fatally undermined the severely flawed reasoning (with respect) of the Court of Appeal in <i>McWhirter v. Attorney-General</i> [1972] CMLR 882. The late Ross McWhirter was surely right to question the innovative use of the Royal Prerogative to sign a treaty with self-executing provisions without the authority of Parliament. Ministers are not above the law – the Royal Prerogative is not a carte blanche, a point which some thought had been settled by the Civil War. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Constitutionality of the European Communities Act</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">36. This is queried at a number of points in my instructions. The important distinction to bear in mind, drawn by Dicey,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[16]</span> is that between constitutionality and legality. As Dicey states (correctly) there is no body of persons which may declare an Act of Parliament void, whether on the ground of some supposed unconstitutionality or otherwise. Bitterly controversial though it is, the ECA72<br />
is a valid, legal statute, even though it was contrary to the spirit of the Constitution and its passage was obtained by deception of Parliament (eg by Geoffrey Ripon QC MP as he then was, seeking to disguise the failure of the government to protect British fishermen by obtaining a permanent derogation from the CFP, a gross deception which will be very familiar to my lay clients). It is impossible to characterise s.2 of the ECA72 as constitutional, both on the grounds of the self-execution provision and the attempt, albeit futile, to bind future Parliaments, although of course the futility or otherwise of that attempt is now before the courts in the <i>Thoburn</i> case. None of this matters so far as the legality of the Act is concerned and as a matter of law the ECA72 should be obeyed, together with the directives and so forth which it incorporates, however strange some of them may be. The other side of the coin of course is that the statute repealing the ECA72 will be equally valid.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">37. I hope that this Opinion answers the many interesting and thought-provoking questions posed in my instructions. It is a pleasure to advise lay clients whose care and love for our Glorious Constitution is so evident, a matter which goes very much to their credit if I may be permitted to say so. I advise accordingly.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">………………………………………..</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Michael Shrimpton, LLB (Hons) Esq.,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Of Gray’s </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Inn</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, Barrister</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Dated this 20<sup>th</sup> day of August in the Year of Our Lord 2001.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">In Re the Law of the Constitution of the </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></h1><h1 style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Great Britain</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">And in Re Citizenship of the European </span></h1><h1 style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></h1><h1 style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Union</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">____________________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">O P I N I O N</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">____________________________________<br />
Michael Shrimpton, Esq.,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tanfield Chambers,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Temple</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> EC4Y 7BY</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Messrs Shentons,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Winchester</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
Solicitors.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><img height="168" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/GregLW/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="132" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div></div></div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></h1><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The law of the constitution of these United Kingdom<br />
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">and citizenship of the European Union</span></h1><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">___________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">O P I N I O N</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1. By instructions in writing received from Shentons, solicitors, of Winchester, I am asked to advise on the issue of Citizenship of the European Union (hereinafter the EU) and a range of constitutional issues arising from the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Community (hereinafter the EC). My lay client is Sanity, a campaigning group which for perfectly proper reasons is opposed to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> ratification of the Treaty of Nice and </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> membership of the EC. In particular the group seeks clarification of the opaque nature of EU Citizenship and advice on remedies. I propose first of all to set out some of the background by way of introduction, deal with the issue of Citizenship of the EU, remedies and then deal with the related constitutional points including State Trial by Bill of Attainder. Almost inevitably, since we are dealing with constitutional and international law, this opinion ventures into areas of political controversy. That goes with the territory. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The European Community</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2. Although various political philosophers have dreamt (or fantasised, depending on one’s point of view) about the destruction of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s many nation states and their replacement by a new pan-European state, serious thought was not given to the subject until early in the Second World War, when the Germans were still contemplating victory. A method had to be found of bringing the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Occupied</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Territories</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> more closely into the German orbit after victory had been achieved, without permanently stationing large garrisons. The brief was given to the Reich Ministry of Economic Affairs, which came up the with the concept of the Europaische Wirtschaft Gemeinschaft, or European Economic Community, which essentially consisted of a single currency zone centred on the Reichsmark, a customs union with the economies of the Occupied Territories orientated towards Germany under strategic German direction and puppet governments administering nominally sovereign governments in the former Occupied Territories. These plans were refined after the war, and in much-modified form (inevitable given </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Germany</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s defeat), with substantial French input, the EEC came about in 1957.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span> Curiously, the original Nazi nomenclature was retained, albeit that the Nazi origination of both the name and broad concept of the EEC was not over-emphasised, doubtless for presentational reasons. As a victorious power, with a close relationship with the United States and the Commonwealth, Her Majesty’s Government, sensibly in the opinion of some, refused to have anything to do with it, although politically the way was cleared by the replacement of Sir Anthony Eden as Prime Minister and the unexpected death of the anti-EEC Leader of the Opposition, each being replaced by a leader more sympathetic to the EEC.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3. It seems clearly to have been understood by the politicians responsible for the Treaty of Rome that there was no popular support in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> for a new state. The new body, although supranational with its own highly politicised civil service (the Commission) and court (the ECJ), came into being with an intergovernmental treaty, and the Member States remained sovereign. Each retained its own government, unique legal system, Head of State, armed forces, constitution, national flag and all the other indices of sovereignty. I am not aware of a single instance of a sovereign state declining to receive an Ambassador from or send one to an EC member state on the basis that it was no longer sovereign. The sovereignty of member states was recognised by the practice of non-EC states and the United Nations (UN), membership of which is limited to sovereign nation states (UN Charter, preamble and Articles 3 and 4). </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">France</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> for example retained membership of the Security Council after 1957, which she would have been obliged to give up had she surrendered her legal sovereignty. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">4. This is not to discount the enormous practical, legal and governmental implications of membership, which involved the steady transfer of power and responsibility away from the member states. Amazingly not all of the member states amended their constitutions to take account of EC membership – </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Italy</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> being the most spectacular example, given that the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Italian</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Republic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> is the custodian of the treaty of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Rome</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Now it may be objected that the organs of the EC, especially the Commission, the ECJ and the ‘Parliament’ (strictly it is a consultative assembly and not a legislature) have federal ambitions and so they do, but there is a clear legal and practical distinction between ambition and achievement. The </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">State</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> remains a dream (or a nightmare, depending on one’s point of view). It is not a legal or constitutional reality, a fact recognised by the European Commission and member governments at Nice. The very fact of convening an intergovernmental conference demonstrated the necessity of the consent of the member states. Signor Prodi is the President of the Commission. He is not the Head of State of the European Union, any more than Signor Mussolini was the Head of State of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Italy</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> in the Fascist era.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span> He may behave like a Head of State, with respect to him, but many people, even Prime Ministers, may behave like Heads of State without ever becoming one. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5. The ECJ very early on decided that the EC was <i>sui generis. </i>In <i>Costa v. ENEL </i>[1963] ECR 585<i> </i>and <i>Van Gend en Loos </i>[1963] ECR 1 it surprisingly (with respect) managed to find that community law took priority over the legal systems of sovereign member states. These cases (and those which followed, including <i>Simmenthal </i>[1978] ECR 629<i> </i>and <i>Factortame</i> [1991] 1 AC 603) were each of them wrongly decided. As a matter of international treaty law such a startling conclusion, tending to subvert the democratic constitutions of the member states, required the plainest possible language in the Treaty of Rome. If the member states had wished to devalue their legal systems in this way they could have said so. Had they done so no doubt the treaty might not have come about, but that does not weaken the legal argument against the validity of the <i>Costa</i> principle, which whilst it is firmly accepted by the ECJ itself and other EC organs is not in fact accepted by all the member states, some of whose courts have rejected it – in particular the Federal German Constitutional Court in <i>Brunner</i> and the Danish Supreme Court in <i>Carlson & Fischer & ors</i>. (1999) 3 CMLR 854. As those instructing me may know the High Court will be invited in November in <i>Thoburn & ors v. </i></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sunderland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">City</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Council & ors </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to reject the doctrine here.<i> </i>In none of these decisions however did the ECJ go so far as to assert that the EC was a state, nor is there any basis in community law for such an assertion, which would amount to a direct attack on the sovereignty of the member states in flagrant violation of international law, arguably amounting to a crime against peace. Indeed, as the Defence have asserted in the <i>Thoburn </i>case, it is strongly arguable that the <i>Costa</i> doctrine is in breach of the <i>jus cogens</i> right of the member states to self-determination and freedom from interference in their internal affairs. The difficulty arises from the incremental method of creating a federal state – whilst it allowed for federalisation by stealth and got around the problem of lack of popular consent, it left the member states, including the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, intact and able to exercise all the rights of a nation state. As the EU declines in popularity it becomes less risky and hence more likely for politicians to find the political will to stand up for the rights of nation states against the central institutions of the EU, creating a dangerous potential for conflict. No democratic constitution has yet been destroyed anywhere without a collapse in popular support. The task of destroying the member states and creating a new one is by no means as straightforward as the draftsmen of the Rome Treaty may have believed. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">6. A constitutional lawyer confronted in say 1973 with the question of whether the EC was a sovereign state and whether the UK or other member states retained sovereignty might well have advised that the ultimate test would come with war. If the EC were a state then under international law and the laws of war an organised armed attack on any part of its territory by the armed forces of another state would amount to an act of war. If sovereignty resided in the member states (I do not take seriously the notion of shared sovereignty, which is a contradiction in terms and merely a piece of spin – either a state is sovereign or it is not) then only the state attacked would be at war and subject only to mutual assistance agreements (such as the North Atlantic Treaty) or guarantees of neutrality the other member states would remain neutral. Now a politician might have replied in 1973 that war was unlikely, but it is the fate of politicians to repeat past mistakes. Weakness in the face of aggression and ill-advised defence cuts had arguably made the Second World War inevitable. Serious retrenchment in our Armed Forces in the 1970’s and early 1980’s, including the scrapping of our last big gun cruisers<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span> and fleet aircraft carriers<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span> seriously reduced the Royal Navy’s deepwater capability. The RAF’s long-range bombing capability was reduced at the same time, giving inevitable encouragement to potential aggressors to attack our remaining colonial possessions. Unsurprisingly, in April 1982, the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Falkland Islands</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> were invaded and the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> again found itself at war. No war was actually declared, although since very few wars are started in that gentlemanly way that is quite irrelevant in determining whether a state of war existed. Very plainly it did. What happened? </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7. The short answer is that without objection from the EC the UK conducted the war as a Sovereign State, without reference to EC organs or the other member states, who retained neutral status throughout (all that is except France which arguably committed a most serious violation of neutrality by permitting the passage of an enemy special forces team tasked with attacking shipping in Gibraltar, the team only being exposed after the successful attack on the ARA <i>General Belgrano<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></b></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b>[5]</b></span> </i>foreshadowed Argentina’s defeat). None of what happened in 1982 can remotely be reconciled with a theory of EC sovereignty. Parliament was recalled and very splendidly a Task Force was despatched to recover the islands, which after a short but magnificent campaign it duly did. It is doubtful that the ships of the Task Force possessed an EC flag between them. Certainly none could have been flown without risk of confusion and a breach of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the Hague</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Rules governing naval warfare, and the EC’s role was limited to some fairly ineffectual sanctions. None of the other member states treated the attack on the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Falklands</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> as an attack upon itself, the operation was entirely British controlled and conducted and very properly the War Cabinet did not refer any question concerning the conduct of hostilities to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. In a federal state none of this could have happened, any more than </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Arkansas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> could have remained neutral after the Japanese attack on </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Pearl</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Harbour</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. An attack on </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Oahu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, being an attack on </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">US</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> territory, was in law an attack on every one of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United States</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, even though </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Hawaii</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> was not then a state.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">8. In the result the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s membership of the EC made no material difference to the conduct or outcome of the war, and no state in the world, including the enemy, treated any other member state of the EC as a belligerent power. In the premises it is quite impossible to argue that the UK was not a sovereign state in 1982, which post-dated EEC accession by a decade, nor is it possible to argue that subsequent intergovernmental treaties, none of which purported to alter that position, transformed the EC into a state, albeit that they may have represented steps along the way. This also applies to the Treaty of Nice, which leaves the fundamental nature of the EC unaltered. If brought into force the Treaty would involve a huge transfer of power to the centre, but it does not purport to abolish the nation states and still assumes that any further changes to the Treaty of Rome would require either unanimous agreement at an intergovernmental conference or changes by majority vote (itself a very dangerous procedure for any nation state ever to agree to) in accordance with treaty provisions. The supposed irreversibility of the Treaty changes is immaterial – the fact that the Treaty of Rome makes no provision for withdrawal does not exclude withdrawal in accordance with the Vienna Convention or general international law. Even the prosecution in the <i>Thoburn</i> case do not argue that the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> could not withdraw or indeed over-ride any community law provision expressly by Act of Parliament. Nothing that has happened since 1972 is irreversible so far as the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> is concerned – we can withdraw from the EC at will. A bill to repeal the European Communities Act 1972 would not be a particularly complicated piece of legislation, provided it contained transitional provisions and allowed ministers to replace EC directives and regulations implementing them over say a two year period. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Treaty of Nice</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">9. It is impossible to refer to the Treaty of Nice in this context without commenting adversely on the wholly improper decision of the British Government to proceed with ratification following its rejection by the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Republic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. As a matter of comity and international law (see eg the Declaration of Principles of International Law of 1970) a state should refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of another sovereign state and in particular should not interfere in its democratic process. A multilateral treaty requiring ratification by all parties (it is possible for a treaty to enter into force on ratification by a specified number of signatories – the treaty establishing the International Criminal Court is one such – but it does not bind those parties which fail to ratify) fails on rejection by a state party. That is this case. It is quite wrong for the other state parties to proceed because to do so is to put pressure on the rejecting state. The Treaty of Nice has failed and it is a nonsense for ministers to put a failed treaty before Parliament for ratification. I am asked to advise on how Treaty might be rejected. The answer is in the House of Lords, which as a matter of constitutional law is not in the least bound to give its consent to a breach of comity with the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Republic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Nothing in the governing party’s manifesto guys the House of Lords, because the manifesto was published before Ireland’s rejection of the Nice Treaty, the General Election was held on the same day as the Irish referendum on the matter and no-one could seriously claim that the electorate had given the government a mandate to pressurise the Irish electorate in a manner quite contrary to international law and established principles governing friendly relations between democratic states. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Legal Personality</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10. Under the Treaty of Maastricht the EC was given legal personality, and it is proposed to give the EU legal personality, but legal personality, whilst it is a requirement of statehood is not conclusive of it. All states have legal personality but every body with legal personality is not a state. The International Tin Council had legal personality but that did not make it a state.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span> Blackpool Corporation has legal personality but that does not make </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Blackpool</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> a state, or entitle the Corporation to set up immigration control at the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Blackpool</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> frontier, or the Mayor to expect a seat in the UN General Assembly. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <b>Citizenship of the European Union</b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">11. Citizenship can only be of a State (see generally the treatment in Fransman, <i>British Nationality Law</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed). Citizenship is to be distinguished from residence, even settled residence (it is possible for foreign and Commonwealth nationals to have lawful permanent residence in the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> without acquiring citizenship), domicile and leave to enter a particular state. In each case citizenship must be of a state, with an identified sovereign. In the case of British Citizens that sovereign is Our Liege Sovereign Lady. For the purposes of nationality law the term British subject is not used for British Citizens,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span> but altering the terminology does not alter the relationship between subject and Sovereign. Queen Elizabeth II is still our Queen and Head of State and we are still Her Subjects, owing allegiance to Her and no other. Dual nationals may owe allegiance to another sovereign, but not on British soil. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">12. It would be a nonsense for anyone to suggest that we are bound by allegiance to the European Union, or that ‘Citizenship of the European Union’ is anything other than a meaningless political concept, as vacuous as ‘Citizen of the World.’ Since there is no state called the European Union it can have no citizens. There are no duties owed to the EU save those imposed by community law and they are only imposed to the extent that they are adopted in accordance with the laws and constitutions of each sovereign state which is a member for the time being of the European Union. It may be complained that some treaty provisions are self-executing and so they are, but only where they do not conflict with the legal order of the member state concerned, as the Danish and German courts have held. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">13. This is not to deny the dangerous misunderstandings that can arise where a supranational body such as the EU summons the conceit to refer to citizens of sovereign states as EU Citizens and where treaties refer to “rights” and “duties.” As a matter of community law the “rights” attaching to EU citizenship can only be the largely worthless “rights “ spelt out in Article 17, which are either symbolic or add nothing to existing community law. The almost useless “right” of seeking assistance from the consular authorities of other member states is a case in point. Assuming an official could be found who was willing to help (and I am not aware of any occasion since the Treaty of Maastricht came into force where meaningful diplomatic assistance was rendered to nationals of other member states) the authorities of the host state would be perfectly entitled to object. A British Citizen in jail in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Texas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> could not just send for the French consul – the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United States</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> is not a party to nor is bound by the Treaty on European Union and the proper authorities of the State of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Texas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> both could and should refuse to permit such a farcical exercise. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">14. I see from the correspondence enclosed with my instructions that the Home Office and the Passport Office are of the same view. As a matter of law the Director of Operations of the United Kingdom Passport Agency<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span> is correct with respect when he states as he does in his letter of 9<sup>th</sup> August 2000 to a Director of Charles Robertson (Developments) Ltd that “there is no such thing as an EU citizen” and the “citizens of each member state retain their own national identity.” He is also right with respect in his letter dated </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24<sup>th</sup> January 2001</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> to state that Article 17 of the Treaty of Rome as amended confirms that national citizenship remains in place.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15. Further support for this view is to be found in the decision of the European Court of Justice in its ruling in <i>R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p. Manjit Kaur</i> (C-192/99), on a reference by Lightman J. from the Queens Bench Division. Mrs. Kaur did not have a close connection with the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and was a British Overseas Citizen as defined by the British Nationality Act 1981. This did not give the right to live and work in the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, but notwithstanding this she entered the country in 1990 on a temporary basis, failing to return at the conclusion of her limited stay. Eventually her lawyers argued that she was entitled to permanent residence on the basis of EU Citizenship. In order to do this they had to challenge the unilateral British declaration on the scope of British nationality for EU purposes made in 1972 and amended in 1982. As the ECJ confirmed these were important for the EU member states because in theory the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> government in 1972 might have equated British nationality with British Subject status and thereby entitled every Commonwealth Citizen to enter the EU as a matter of community law. The ECJ confirmed that Mrs Kaur was not a Citizen of the European Union and that nationality remained a matter for the member states, confirming its earlier ruling in <i>Micheletti & ors </i>(C-369/99).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">16. This ruling was quite incompatible with any concept of Citizenship of the European Union equating with citizenship of a state. Had the ruling gone the other way it might have undermined the Danish ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. My lay clients will recall the political crisis created by </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Denmark</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s initial rejection of the Maastricht Treaty in a popular referendum. Among Danish concerns was the very issue on which I am advising. The Heads of State and of Government of the European Community met at </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Edinburgh</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> agreed that CEU did not “in any way take the place of national citizenship.” The Declaration goes on to confirm that nationality of Member States was entirely a matter for the Member States concerned. I have access not only to the final declaration but also to some of the <i>travaux</i>, in particular the amendment proposed by the Danish delegation. The Danish demands were agreed without material alteration. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">17. As a matter of international law a state may enter a reservation prior to ratification of an international treaty. In a multilateral treaty such a reservation may either be incorporated (usually as a protocol) in the text of the treaty itself (treaties are read as one with their protocols) or in a separate document delivered to the other contracting parties. The Danish position on citizenship was communicated to every High Contracting Party to the Treaty of Maastricht, confirming in terms that Her Majesty the Queen of Denmark was not prepared to ratify the Treaty if CEU was to be other than a political and legal concept wholly to be distinguished from citizenship of a nation state. The other member states solemnly confirmed in a written declaration that CEU was not to be equated with citizenship of a state. I agree with the member states that CEU is not citizenship as such. It follows <i>a fortiori</i> that there is no inconsistency between the Danish position and the Treaty. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">18. In <i>Micheletti</i> the ECJ with respect was playing with fire when it sought to impose constraints on Member States as to the terms on which nationality could be lost and acquired, suggesting that member states had to have due regard to community law. That was wrong with respect, as it was inconsistent with the Edinburgh Declaration, which as I have demonstrated confirmed that nationality is entirely a matter for member states, none of which is bound to pay the slightest attention to community law. The observations in <i>Michelettii </i>were <i>obiter</i> however, that is to say non-binding comment. It does not appear that the text agreed at </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Edinburgh</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> was drawn to the court’s attention. Had the ECJ gone so far as to decide in either <i>Micheletti</i> or <i>Kaur</i> that Article 8 (now 17) had a meaning beyond that indicated to the Danish government by the other member states then in my opinion the document delivered by the high representatives of Her Danish Majesty’s government to the representatives of the other contracting parties to the Treaty of Maastricht would under international treaty law amount to a reservation, which would <b>require agreement by all the contracting parties, thereby re-opening the ratification process.</b> That is because a reservation must be agreed by all state parties to a multilateral treaty – there is no such thing in international law as a unilateral reservation, unless a treaty makes express provision for “opt-outs.” The ECJ came close to undermining the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maastricht</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> ratification (which was one of the most difficult of any international treaty, reflecting its enormously controversial provisions) in <i>Micheletti</i>. Aside from the contempt shown to the Queen of Denmark and her people (there are few bodies in the world with respect with such a track record of contemptuous disregard for the legal orders of sovereign nation states as the ECJ) the comments in <i>Micheletti</i> were economically illiterate with respect, since the Maastricht treaty is the sole (somewhat shaky) basis for the euro currency. It is perhaps fortunate that the markets were not following this litigation too closely.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Abandonment of Citizenship of the European Union</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">19. I fully appreciate that although CEU is an almost legally valueless concept, it is nonetheless deeply offensive to many people, including it would seem those instructing me, as is the unnecessary use of the words “European Community” on the cover of our passports. So far as that matter is concerned there is no legal reason at all why the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> government should not desist from the non-binding agreement, not incorporated in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> or community law, to use a common format. We could restore the old, blue, hard-backed format overnight without legislation or treaty change. Nor is there any legal obstacle to simply renewing the old blue passports for a further 10 years, if necessary with a new photograph, provided there is still space in the passport itself. Alternatively the Passport Office could simply offer people the option, although I could understand official reluctance to offer freedom of choice, which if the correspondence sent to me on the subject is any guide could lead to unsold stocks of the widely detested maroon ’EC’ passport. It is legal to enclose the new format passports in a facsimile cover of the old blue document and such covers are commercially available. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20. Mr. Sheehan correctly advises a method of overthrowing CEU status in his letter of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24<sup>th</sup> January 2000</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Only British Citizens and those with a close connection with </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Gibraltar</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (who are of course British) are CEUs. It follows, as Mr. Sheehan advises, that anyone throwing over their British Citizenship under s.12 of the British Nationality Act 1981 (BNA81) would lose CEU status. Before making such a declaration, in order to avoid statelessness, it is a requirement under s.12 that the nationality of another jurisdiction is held or acquired. What Mr. Sheehan does not say of course is that the right of abode in the United Kingdom is not dependent on British Citizenship – anyone born here before 1<sup>st</sup> January 1983 will have acquired the right of abode under the Immigration Act 1971<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span> and ironically would re-acquire the status of a British Subject if the nationality of another member state of the Commonwealth was obtained. Under s.37 of the BNA81 the terminology of British Subject was abandoned for British citizens, but it is axiomatic that an Act of Parliament is presumed not to extend to the dominions unless the contrary intention appears in the Act itself or arises as a matter of necessary implication. A Canadian Citizen for example is not affected by anything in the BNA81, so someone born in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> prior to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1<sup>st</sup> January 1983</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> who acquired Canadian Citizenship could renounce British Citizenship, throw over Citizenship of the European Union and be entitled to call himself a British Subject at the same time. (It is still proper for us to describe ourselves as subjects of HM the Queen, or informally as British subjects, but not British Subjects in the formal sense). I suspect that if the Canadian or any other Commonwealth government were willing to issue passports to British-born applicants describing them as “Citizen of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Canada</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and British Subject” etc. they would earn useful fee income. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Status of Our Beloved Sovereign</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">21. The status of HM the Queen is raised a number of times in the papers sent to me. It seems that the government has allowed the misconception to grow up that by means that have not yet been identified Her Majesty is a Citizen of the European Union. Certainly there is no Act of Parliament which says so. If the government wish to alter the status of the Sovereign by Act they must do three things. Firstly they must state in the Bill that it is intended to bind the Sovereign. Secondly, as a matter both of courtesy and common sense, the Prime Minister must go to his Sovereign and seek Her assent to the Bill, which assent is then communicated in the ordinary way to the House of Commons. If the Prime Minister is foolish enough to go off on a legislative frolic of his own he risks refusal of Royal Assent to his Bill. Our Liege Sovereign Lady with respect is not a rubber stamp and is not obliged to put Her name to every piece of legislative nonsense which is put in front of Her, although doubtless as a constitutional monarch She would grant the Prime Minister a dissolution if he wished to go to the country on the issue. Thirdly, if the Bill affects the status of the Sovereign (and making Her a CEU would do that, albeit that the effect would largely be symbolic) both as a matter of comity and in accordance with the Statute of Westminster II and the various independence statutes which incorporate Westminster II principles he should consult with the governments of all sixteen countries of which Her Majesty is the Head of State and obtain their agreement. In relation to some countries (Eg </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Canada</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Australia</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, and </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">New Zealand</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) governmental consent would not suffice and there would need to be Parliamentary approval. It must always be borne in mind that the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> is only one of a number of countries which have the great good fortune if I may say so to enjoy having Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">22. None of those things was done in relation to the Bill incorporating the Maastricht Treaty and it follows as a matter of constitutional law that Her Majesty is not a Citizen of the European Union. If the government are going about saying so they should cease and desist forthwith. They might at the same time take care to mind their manners. The same observation extends to officials of the EC and other member states, if they have summoned the sheer gall and effrontery to describe Her Majesty as a Citizen of the European Union, a concept that many right-thinking people in this country would regard as extraordinarily offensive. If that were the official position of any EC member state (and I doubt it) then that state would risk forfeiting any claim on the friendship of the British people. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">23. I might add that Her Majesty is not a British Citizen either, since nothing in the BNA81 extends to the Crown. Her Majesty is British (as well as Canadian, Australian, Jamaican etc), but not a British Citizen within the meaning of the Act, which is purely a nationality statute. If it be objected that Her passport would describe Her as a British Citizen, my response would be that I am not aware that Her Majesty possesses such a document. As the British Sovereign She would not ordinarily be subjected to customs and immigration formalities at the frontier of a receiving state, which would as a courtesy have been given advance notification of Her Majesty’s arrival, even on a private visit, indeed any receiving state would doubtless be cautious before subjecting a visiting Head of State to any indignity at its frontier. Wars have been started for less. Since CEU status only attaches to British Citizens and British Dependent Territories Citizens by virtue of connection with </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Gibraltar</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, this is another ground for saying that Her Majesty is not a Citizen of the European Union. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Remedies</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24. I have been shown in my instructions a number of ‘Notices of Treason’ that were handed in at Magistrates Courts up and down the country, together with some chilly responses from divers, bemused Justices Clerks. I cannot say that I would have advised such a course of action and I am bound to advise strongly against the proposed plan to trouble various County Courts with applications in respect of CEU. It seems to me that the ruling of the ECJ in <i>Manjit Kaur </i>answers the question posed in my instructions. I cannot see that a declaration is necessary. It would certainly be expensive and so far as I can tell would serve no useful purpose in circumstances where the Attorney-General (who would be the proper respondent) would be extremely unlikely to say that CEU was equivalent to citizenship of a state or anything like it. He could be written to, and shown this Opinion if so advised, but he would be unlikely to risk unravelling the Maastricht Treaty (and risk undermining the euro in the foreign currency exchange markets by raising official doubts about the legality of the currency, doubts which would no doubt be in worldwide circulation on the Internet within hours of such dramatic correspondence being received) by departing from the interpretation of Article 8 agreed to by Her Majesty’s Government in the Edinburgh Declaration. It is important to note that if it were to be put about that CEU was equivalent to citizenship of a state it would not just be the Danish government which would have locus to challenge the Maastricht Treaty – any defaulting party to a contract which specified the euro as the contract currency could simply cite failure of the other member states to agree to the Danish reservation as a justification for not paying, as the currency no longer had any legal basis, not that it would matter much since an attack by the United Kingdom government or courts on the Danish ratification would probably send the currency into freefall anyway, to the point where the defaulting party could buy them cheaply (sending a man with a wheelbarrow if necessary to collect them from the bank). It must always be remembered that huge euro positions are held by insurance companies, trusts and so on, which are under a legal obligation to secure the best return for third parties and would be very exposed if the legal basis for the currency was put into doubt and they did not sell those positions without delay.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25. The proper venue for an application would be the Administrative Court of the High Court, by way of application for permission for leave to apply for judicial review, which would probably be refused since judicial review is a discretionary (and rather inadequate) remedy, and it would be argued, not unreasonably, by Mr. Attorney that the issue was already settled. The County Court would have no jurisdiction to consider the matter and any application made would be refused with costs and rightly so. It is quite likely, if not inevitable, that costs would also be awarded in the High Court.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">26. I cannot depart this subject, as a constitutional lawyer, without commenting adversely on the extraordinary decision by the EC to replace national currencies with a treaty based currency, without first creating a new state. The risks of such a venture are exposed starkly in my opinion by the casual approach of the ECJ to the CEU issue in <i>Micheletti</i>. The starting point for any discussion on the meaning of Article 17 must surely be the Edinburgh Declaration, where all the State Parties to the Treaty of Maastricht agreed on the meaning of what was then Article 8. The problem is that the Edinburgh Declaration did not bind the ECJ, which as a matter of community law is free to depart from the meaning accorded by the member states. The problem is exacerbated by the nature of the ECJ, which with respect lacks expertise in the constitutional traditions of the Member States, which surely ought to be a core competency for any international treaty-based court. Not only does the court lack this competency it also lacks respect for the sovereignty of member states, as demonstrated in its facile (with respect) judgments in <i>Costa</i>, <i>Simmenthal</i> and <i>Factortame</i>, any one of which could have led to the immediate break-up of the EC had there been stronger governments in the member states. In <i>Factortame</i> for example HMG could simply have responded by refusing to amend the Merchant Shipping Act and sending the Royal Navy into the fishing grounds to enforce it, with the inevitable risk of a clash with the Spanish Navy<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span> had it responded, possibly leading to war, a possibility which seems never to have occurred to the ECJ even though it was engaged on a quite astonishing attack on the Sovereignty of Parliament and of the United Kingdom, requiring British ministers to act unconstitutionally, in order to force a great maritime nation (not to mention the world’s third nuclear power, with a strategic intercontinental thermonuclear strike capability) to allow foreign vessels to fly its flag in its own waters, a national humiliation without precedent since the surrender of Singapore.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The poor quality (again with respect) of many of the judges of the ECJ, most of whom are political appointees, adds to the potential dangers for the euro. As it is, an anti-euro Danish government (which could hardly be ruled out given the shattering political impact in Denmark of the rejection of the euro in last year’s referendum) could damage the currency were it to take issue with the comments in <i>Micheletti</i> on the need for member states to have regard to community law when laying down conditions for the acquisition and loss of nationality, a requirement which features nowhere in the Edinburgh Declaration. The reality is that the organs of the EC, including the ECJ, have been singularly fortunate in the supine quality of the governments of the member states, including our own, none of which has been willing seriously to deploy the powerful armoury of weapons available under international law to a sovereign government faced with an external attack on its sovereignty. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bills of Attainder</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">27. Turning now to the very powerful weapons in the constitutional armoury of Parliament, I am asked to advise on Bills of Attainder. I must qualify this section of my Opinion by advising firstly that Attainder is a ‘nuclear option’ for Parliament, only to be used in the case of high crimes and misdemeanours by those in public office or high position and secondly that as a safeguard Attainder may only be used with the consent of the Commons, so that the weapon when deployed may have democratic as well as constitutional legitimacy. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">28. Those instructing me will be well acquainted with the difficulties of using the ordinary courts against persons of power and influence in society, who have abused their positions now or in the past to betray their country. That the country has been betrayed on the subject of the EC I am prepared to assume for the purposes of this advice. Certainly ministers have been party to grossly misleading statements both to Parliament and the country on the constitutional impact of EC membership. It would be fair to characterise those deceptions as material, in so far as Parliament most probably would not have passed the European Communities Bill into law had it been alerted to the dangers to its statutes of a decision such as <i>Factortame</i> and the referendum in 1975 most probably would not have been won by the government of the day had it acted in good faith.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">29. The ordinary courts however are not the answer. As those instructing me are well aware government ministers would have been vulnerable to conviction for High Treason in respect of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maastricht</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Amsterdam</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and Nice Treaties, each of which was signed without the authority of Parliament, under s.1 of the Treason Act 1795. Sensibly however the Government successfully promoted the repeal of this useful legislation, passed in the aftermath of the French Revolution to protect the Constitution, by means of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, taking care not to draw the country’s attention to what it was doing. At the same time ministers, wisely perhaps, having regard to their European policy, watered down the penalty for High Treason from death by hanging to life imprisonment. The government retains control however over all criminal prosecutions by means of <i>nolle prosequi</i>, so that the Attorney-General could always bring proceedings to a halt. The result is that the ordinary courts are almost powerless to control treason by ministers. Parliament however is not so hamstrung. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30. I am pleased to see recent signs of Parliament, which has been in decline ever since it agreed to EC entry, beginning to re-assert its will. It may well be that the nonsense of government ministers negotiating international treaties with implications for our domestic law without Parliament’s authority is coming to an end. The proper course is for ministers to go first to Parliament, by means of an enabling Act, for authority to negotiate. The enabling Act sensibly would provide immunity to ministers from prosecution for treason for doing anything that was within the scope of their authority as granted by Parliament. The ministers who negotiated the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maastricht</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Amsterdam</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and Nice Treaties had no such authority. Certainly none was contained within the ECA72, which only applied to existing treaties. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">31. In a proper case a Bill of Attainder could be brought in. This awesome form of proceeding is designed to hold the highest in the land to account before Parliament. It has rightly been described by Erskine May<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span> as the “highest form of Parliamentary judicature.” No occasion to use it has arisen since the eighteenth century, which is not to say to say that the power is obsolete – a Bill of Attainder could be brought in tomorrow, if Parliament were sitting. It is important to emphasise that an Act of Attainder is primary legislation, so that it is not governed by the Human Rights Act 1998, nor does the limitation on punishment contained in the 6<sup>th</sup> Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights apply. A Bill of Attainder proceeds through Parliament in the same way as any other primary legislation, save that it takes the form of a State Trial and the Defendants are entitled to be defended through counsel, cross-examine witnesses for the State and call witnesses in their own behalf.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span> Unlike an impeachment the Commons are judges of equal jurisdiction with the Lords. Bills of Attainder are normally brought in the House of Lords, but there is precedent for bringing in a Bill of Attainder in the Commons.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span> The Defendants would ordinarily be in custody throughout. Although the attainder procedure has been misused (eg by the Dublin Parliament against those loyal to King William III) it has normally been used against those who wished to subvert the State or the Crown with foreign assistance, and sends a useful message to the sponsoring state that its interference in the internal affairs of the kingdom has been discovered and will not be tolerated. Because of the involvement of foreign states behind the defendants there is usually tight security. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">32. Now of course I am not advising that a Bill of Attainder be brought in, nor am I asked to draw up an indictment. I am instructed only to advise on the procedure. There would be formidable political obstacles to overcome. Whilst it is a complex form of proceeding that has not been used for upwards of two centuries there are in my opinion no practical or procedural difficulties that could not be overcome. Provided that it is used only in a proper case, that is to say against someone of high standing who is beyond the reach of the ordinary courts and has abused his position so as to undermine the Crown and Constitution, attainder would be constitutional. No doubt there would be objections and these would be dressed up in constitutional form, along the lines that the procedure was inhumane, obsolete, or a breach of human rights and so on. Objection might also come from the judges, who might think that their authority was being undermined. None of these objections would have any validity.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
33. The human rights objection would in reality be a political objection. The procedure is more than fair, and although the formal rules of evidence do not apply, these have been watered down in the ordinary courts anyway, in both civil and criminal proceedings, with the enthusiastic support of the judges. The reason most attainders are quick is because there isn’t much scope for disputes of fact, but there is every opportunity to question the witnesses for the Crown and examine documents. To suggest that the procedure is obsolete would be to wholly misunderstand the nature of the British Constitution, which has immensely powerful safeguards, of which attainder is one. To say that it hasn’t been used for a long time is simply another way of saying that it has been a long time since our Constitution was under threat. Some judges, jealous of the power of Parliament, would object, but they could always be reminded that Parliament is itself a Court, the highest in the land. It is not for inferior courts to complain about the exercise by a superior court of its undoubted jurisdiction. There would in any event be plenty of scope for the involvement of the senior professional judiciary, most of whom sit in Parliament, in the upper house. However they were dressed up the objections would in most cases be rooted in jealousy of Parliament, political opposition to the Constitution and an anxiety to damage the British interest. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
34. Attainder is an immensely powerful weapon, which when justly used against enemies of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">British</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">State</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, is a mighty safeguard of liberty under the law and the birthright of the common people to live as a free people under a free Constitution. No-one who is loyal to their Sovereign and believes in the Sovereignty of Parliament need fear Parliament’s power over all in the land. The loyal and the innocent, the good and the poor, may rest easy that only the rich, the powerful and the guilty would ever be subjected to this awesome form of proceeding, the ultimate guarantor of the supremacy of the Queen in Parliament. Should a political criminal ever again be brought before the Bar of Parliament we may be assured that his or her crime against our Glorious Constitution would have been grave indeed. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Royal Prerogative</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35. Whilst I cannot agree with respect with every proposition of law put forward in the pamphlet “Defence of the Realm,” enclosed with my instructions, in particular the relationship between statute and common law and the nature of Magna Carta (which was a treaty and then put into statutory form in the reign of King Edward 1 – 25 Edw.1, 1297), I congratulate the author with respect on citing the extract from Bracton at page 9, the single most important piece of text in all of our long and magnificent constitutional history, in the course of which we have invented the concepts of liberty, rights and democracy. The full form of the great maxim is as follows: <i>ipse autem rex non debet esse sub homine, sed sub Deo, et sub lege, quia lex facit regem. Attribuat igitur rex legi, quod lex attribuat ei, videlicet dominationem et potestatem; non est enim rex, ubi dominatur voluntas et non lex</i>. The King Himself should not be subject to man but to God and the law, <b>for the law makes the King</b>. Therefore, the King should give to the law what the law gives to him, namely, dominion and power; <b>for there can be no King where will, and not law, governs</b>. It follows <i>a fortiori</i> that the exercise of the Royal Prerogative is subject to law and may be reviewed by the courts, a legal fact recognised in <i>Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service</i> [1985] AC 374, which fatally undermined the severely flawed reasoning (with respect) of the Court of Appeal in <i>McWhirter v. Attorney-General</i> [1972] CMLR 882. The late Ross McWhirter was surely right to question the innovative use of the Royal Prerogative to sign a treaty with self-executing provisions without the authority of Parliament. Ministers are not above the law – the Royal Prerogative is not a carte blanche, a point which some thought had been settled by the Civil War. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Constitutionality of the European Communities Act</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">36. This is queried at a number of points in my instructions. The important distinction to bear in mind, drawn by Dicey,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9051276344832618261#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[16]</span> is that between constitutionality and legality. As Dicey states (correctly) there is no body of persons which may declare an Act of Parliament void, whether on the ground of some supposed unconstitutionality or otherwise. Bitterly controversial though it is, the ECA72<br />
is a valid, legal statute, even though it was contrary to the spirit of the Constitution and its passage was obtained by deception of Parliament (eg by Geoffrey Ripon QC MP as he then was, seeking to disguise the failure of the government to protect British fishermen by obtaining a permanent derogation from the CFP, a gross deception which will be very familiar to my lay clients). It is impossible to characterise s.2 of the ECA72 as constitutional, both on the grounds of the self-execution provision and the attempt, albeit futile, to bind future Parliaments, although of course the futility or otherwise of that attempt is now before the courts in the <i>Thoburn</i> case. None of this matters so far as the legality of the Act is concerned and as a matter of law the ECA72 should be obeyed, together with the directives and so forth which it incorporates, however strange some of them may be. The other side of the coin of course is that the statute repealing the ECA72 will be equally valid.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">37. I hope that this Opinion answers the many interesting and thought-provoking questions posed in my instructions. It is a pleasure to advise lay clients whose care and love for our Glorious Constitution is so evident, a matter which goes very much to their credit if I may be permitted to say so. I advise accordingly.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">………………………………………..</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Michael Shrimpton, LLB (Hons) Esq.,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Of Gray’s </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Inn</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, Barrister</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Dated this 20<sup>th</sup> day of August in the Year of Our Lord 2001.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 198pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">In Re the Law of the Constitution of the </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></h1><h1 style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Great Britain</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">And in Re Citizenship of the European </span></h1><h1 style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></h1><h1 style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Union</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">____________________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">O P I N I O N</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">_______</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMB7ZRBb6LnhcDPDWgxPgctdaLMCgj1lNikygO0Ul9GqaU1efFYjbWmJgfnIL_MSZDdREaIwQzWWw_0qrBneSdNdMCRY5YENEAHSQzqnatQKn7m86H5a7RsuIGIe-BUBuLK0pVwjGG8Z4/s1600/MICHAEL+OF+COURSE+IT+IS+TRUE+010812.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMB7ZRBb6LnhcDPDWgxPgctdaLMCgj1lNikygO0Ul9GqaU1efFYjbWmJgfnIL_MSZDdREaIwQzWWw_0qrBneSdNdMCRY5YENEAHSQzqnatQKn7m86H5a7RsuIGIe-BUBuLK0pVwjGG8Z4/s320/MICHAEL+OF+COURSE+IT+IS+TRUE+010812.jpg" width="247" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">_____________________________<br />
Michael Shrimpton, Esq.,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tanfield Chambers,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Temple</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> EC4Y 7BY</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Messrs Shentons,</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 198pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Winchester</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
Solicitors.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div><br />
Regards,<br />
<br />
Greg L-W.<br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b><br />
<b> </b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
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<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers. <br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=d844fd44-9880-4146-9ee5-f0521a368e2f" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-32263635546561264362011-03-19T22:59:00.000+00:002011-03-19T22:59:27.472+00:00#GD034* - Conspiracy to deceive Parliament and the people<span style="font-size: small;">#GD034* - Conspiracy to deceive Parliament and the people</span><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" rel="wikipedia" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a> to deceive Parliament and the people</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">into supporting entry into the Common Market (<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community" rel="wikipedia" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a>)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">“Millions of people in this country will feel as I do, that legislation</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">passed in this way, with no consent, cannot command the assent of the</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">country and would lack moral and constitutional validity”.</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Jay%2C_Baron_Jay" rel="wikipedia" title="Douglas Jay, Baron Jay">Douglas Jay</a> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">MP (for Battersea North)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Speaking during the second reading of the European Communities Bill 1972 in the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.4998888889,-0.124666666667&spn=0.005,0.005&q=51.4998888889,-0.124666666667%20%28House%20of%20Commons%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">16th February 1972</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">What was it that impelled Douglas Jay to speak those impassioned words more than 30 years ago in the debating chamber that had been the protector of our freedoms and at the heart of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s democracy for over a century? This expose sets out to investigate the background to Douglas Jay’s speech calling upon official Government correspondence, minutes of meetings and other documentation of the time.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">As this expose is written, (29th October 2004), our Prime Minister, Tony Blair, together with his Foreign Secretary Jack Straw are in Rome for the official signing of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" rel="wikipedia" title="European Union">EU</a> Constitution. They are willingly, perhaps enthusiastically, joining with other European heads to hand-over the remaining vestiges of their nations’ sovereignty to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.conservatives.com/" rel="homepage" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> leader, Michael Howard has said that signing the treaty would put unprecedented powers in the hands of unaccountable [and one should add unelected] judges to re-write </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s labour laws.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This objection is grossly understated by Mr Howard, a former member of the </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Executive Committee of the European Movement</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. A reading of the Constitution document (entitled: ‘A <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" rel="wikipedia" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">Constitution for Europe</a>’), reveals that the powers to be transferred transcend much more than just labour laws but affect our powers of selfgovernment over nearly every aspect of life. It has been interpreted as giving the EU the ability to strip nations of all power excepting that which the EU itself does not wish to exercise.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Instructions to Readers</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1. To return from any text in this narrative to ‘CONTENTS’:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">LEFT click mouse on any section heading e.g. ‘The Civil Service in Action’</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2. To return to the narrative after accessing ‘source material’: </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">RIGHT click mouse and then left click ‘GO BACK’</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">CONTENTS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No loss of essential Sovereignty</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Heath’s Campaign 1970 - 1972</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Players</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Public Campaign</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Service in action</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Broadcast Media Participation</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">FCO Conspires to Neutralise the Keep </span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Out Campaign</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tracking Enoch Powell</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">FCO – General Comments</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Jean Monnet and his Comité d’Action pour les État-Unis d’Europe</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The British Council of the European Movement (BCEM)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Participation by </span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Town Twinning</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Convincing Conservative rank and file</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">What happened to the Referendum of the People?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Parliamentary ‘Stitch-up’</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Conservative Whip’s Report – free or whipped vote?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Whip’s Report - pressure on Conservative elected representatives</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European Communities Bill (1972) Second </span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Reading</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> - Hansard</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The motion was passed by 301 votes to 309 votes</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Questions then…</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Appendices</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Historical Background</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Aftermath – The Unseen Takeover</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European Communites Act 1972</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Anti-Common Market League leaflet</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Books:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘The Hidden Hand’ by Professor Richard Aldridge</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘Gold Warriors’ by </span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sterling</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> & Peggy Seagrave</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s Secret Propaganda War’ by Paul Lashmar and James Oliver</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">List of Names in order of mention</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No loss of essential Sovereignty</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVFy6bF38ZlM-M-rEUJyTZ_R3cCTeqjRUfhiEVzFsqzoHAA_PzJH2K1nlm8iaykOL3-CEr-VtbAyiMy6OC5QfZSUfR1f9kl6iGULweCgnuCrTiw6QYlv4oW9XxHEZXhITxDpnL2jnrBMQ/s1600/PARLIAMENT+HoC+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVFy6bF38ZlM-M-rEUJyTZ_R3cCTeqjRUfhiEVzFsqzoHAA_PzJH2K1nlm8iaykOL3-CEr-VtbAyiMy6OC5QfZSUfR1f9kl6iGULweCgnuCrTiw6QYlv4oW9XxHEZXhITxDpnL2jnrBMQ/s1600/PARLIAMENT+HoC+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b><span style="color: #292526; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Government White Paper on the EU Constitution, issued in September 2004, stated that: “<i>The legal primacy of European law was accepted by Parliament when we joined the EEC”</i>. Yet the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Geoffrey Rippon, moving the motion on </span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the 15th February 1972</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, for the Bill which took us into the EEC, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">said</span><span style="color: #292526; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #292526; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“there would be no essential surrender of sovereignty…”</span></i><span style="color: #292526; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This mantra, in one form or another, was repeated throughout the campaign and the debates in Parliament. So we see a Government White Paper attempting to bury the truth.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #292526; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nothing changes as we shall see.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It is typical of the contradiction between what Parliament and the public were told in the period leading up to the Parliamentary votes on the European Communities Act 1972 (ECA72) and the reality of what joining meant for British sovereignty. The effect on sovereignty was well known by the Government and its officials dealing with the issue, as are shown in the correspondence and reports of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), accessible through this narrative.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">For instance, the now public and infamous document, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">FCO 30/1048 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">from 1971, ‘gives the lie’ to assurances given freely at the time. This document (including Dr Richard North’s accompanying commentary) is important to an understanding of the deception perpetrated on the British public; for example; we read in one paragraph:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“To control and supervise this process </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[i.e. officials and negotiators are to assume political roles] <i>it will be necessary to strengthen the democratic organisation of the Community with consequent decline of the primacy and prestige of the national parliaments”.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Elsewhere, Dr North writes; ‘and chillingly, these civil servants applaud the process.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">They ‘know’ [knew] what they have [had] to do’:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“The task will not be to arrest this process, since to do so would be to put considerations of formal sovereignty before effective influence and power, but to adapt institutions and policies both in the UK and in Brussels to meet and reduce the real and substantial public anxieties over national identity and alienation from government, fear of change and loss of control over their fate which are aroused by talk of the "loss of sovereignty”.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The reader is invited </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to access </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">and study Dr North’s commentary on the FCO document.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Other examples of the Government’s, and in particular, the FCO’s concealment of important knowledge they had of the implications for sovereignty and the Constitution of joining the EEC, is on record in the internal memos of the time. For instance </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">memo </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">from W J Adams head of the European Communities Information Unit (ECIU) to a Mr Morland of European Information Department (EID) demonstrated the wish to keep the true situation from becoming widely known: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“<i>…be aware of the Conservative Group for </i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s wish to play down this issue as far as possible and reassure those people in Parliament and in the country who get emotional about loss of sovereignty”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We shall see more of Mr Adams contempt for democracy and for the public that he was supposed to serve later in this account.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It may be legal (even this aspect has been the subject of debate), but is it possible for anyone to seriously argue that our membership of the EU has real legitimacy?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Heath’s Campaign 1970 – 1972</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibfjue2qEf6OdI_oHji5VCsPw817GsA45CGRrZjMH6ZMePzEj2lNEr-pAzHHIpang8YxFw-oFFXmuVs3ItLIiUxdWmu0eGE6ISifqPXI-HIh3G-zLAM98m0_i1d-tGyaAoLU_dzEYhv9I/s1600/HEATH%252C+Edward+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibfjue2qEf6OdI_oHji5VCsPw817GsA45CGRrZjMH6ZMePzEj2lNEr-pAzHHIpang8YxFw-oFFXmuVs3ItLIiUxdWmu0eGE6ISifqPXI-HIh3G-zLAM98m0_i1d-tGyaAoLU_dzEYhv9I/s1600/HEATH%252C+Edward+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Edward Heath had always been an ardent integrationist and in the early 1960s was chosen by Harold MacMillan to persue negotiations with the EEC with a view to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> joining the other six members. The attempt foundered in February1963 with General de Gaulle’s veto. Heath subsequently became the leader of the Conservative opposition in Parliament and was leader at the time of the 1970 general election. He was adamant that </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s place was at the ‘heart of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’ and campaigned in the election against a background of public hostility to entry. Polls of the time </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">showed 70% </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of the people against with only 18% in favour. Then, as now, there was deep distrust of the idea. To address this, Heath needed to provide reassurance and comfort. In a </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">speech </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to the British Chamber of Commerce in Paris on 5th May 1970 and again during election campaigning, he said that he would ‘not go in’ without “<i>the full-hearted consent of Parliament and the people”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Heath won the 18th June election with a small majority; just 30 votes. He immediately set about campaigning to persuade the public that they must join the EEC. Use of the words lying and deceit should be reserved for the rarest of occasions, but it is up to the reader to decide whether this description fits, after reading this expose. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Players</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The players in this blessed plot (to use Hugo Young’s title to his book about our membership of the EU) to shoehorn </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> in at any cost were:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The BBC</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #0000cc; text-decoration: none;"><span></span></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Other visual media including ITV</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghpfKkVSevTZVIjEf0szDB7EEjJCg7VMblk-evnNzFPoI7pWuwLTFxq7GDhfI8F0qokt7vI20n1SeHWjjMF7_9Xl7J67eUSXcm0US3kKp5JWxub5uuL57Q2QQ-Zq1nwCIpriHpXYK3xNQ/s1600/BBC+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghpfKkVSevTZVIjEf0szDB7EEjJCg7VMblk-evnNzFPoI7pWuwLTFxq7GDhfI8F0qokt7vI20n1SeHWjjMF7_9Xl7J67eUSXcm0US3kKp5JWxub5uuL57Q2QQ-Zq1nwCIpriHpXYK3xNQ/s1600/BBC+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Press</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGEoH0WQhEu-5zcMF0PIsJryZuzIipz3zjoDWhdPgIcJwGU1yC9P5fbEC5B68RZzNGmJyiFed2Ibov2aYH0YwQ8aOsBPVaBxEyvskeKec7LIeBD7WK9yUI3-vQ3vvSNPUEDSYwyhfhpA/s1600/PRESS+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGEoH0WQhEu-5zcMF0PIsJryZuzIipz3zjoDWhdPgIcJwGU1yC9P5fbEC5B68RZzNGmJyiFed2Ibov2aYH0YwQ8aOsBPVaBxEyvskeKec7LIeBD7WK9yUI3-vQ3vvSNPUEDSYwyhfhpA/s1600/PRESS+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.abc.net.au/talkitup/img/cartoon/media-alert.gif" target="_top"><span style="color: #0000cc; text-decoration: none;"><span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Jean Monnet and his Action Committee for a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United States</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The European Movement (metamorphosing itself into ‘</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’ during specific campaigns)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and particularly its Information</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Research Department (IRD), led by the notorious Norman Reddaway</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The FCO and its European Integration Department (EID)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The FCO and its European Communities Information Unit (ECIU), headed by W J Adams – acting as a sort of information control.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Conservative Group for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Some Conservative Ministers and MPs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Surreptitious involvement by </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> through its </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> office.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And, for the opposition:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The ‘Keep </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Out’ campaign, led by Christopher Frere-Smith</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And individuals acting alone:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Enoch Powell, MP</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3qME2s1A-KPWE4G2BZh2rSQdjbk7oyX6zL3Vg8omfxN18UiiTr__-mIBcHk9eqYE7K_CR-XcBR-4ZA2TnbbCpbJjaap1J4BN-7j5KQTQxBtsz1ltKunZTJLwosdR81OBLFUwxqib2ss/s1600/POWELL%252C+Enoch+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3qME2s1A-KPWE4G2BZh2rSQdjbk7oyX6zL3Vg8omfxN18UiiTr__-mIBcHk9eqYE7K_CR-XcBR-4ZA2TnbbCpbJjaap1J4BN-7j5KQTQxBtsz1ltKunZTJLwosdR81OBLFUwxqib2ss/s1600/POWELL%252C+Enoch+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Peter</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shore</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, MP</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6I-ztiA7k_lXfkXU48M5ei8Z_doGuc2tzjiABYpWq1lDxu96nOOaNnvHHgZ1at0qqniZ1urBfbVYWPN9eFZicAVyN87gCJ8yuoa7883PA1JXePGC5uRaCNWuw__HFM4WCitFqwLULrZM/s1600/SHORE%252C+Peter+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6I-ztiA7k_lXfkXU48M5ei8Z_doGuc2tzjiABYpWq1lDxu96nOOaNnvHHgZ1at0qqniZ1urBfbVYWPN9eFZicAVyN87gCJ8yuoa7883PA1JXePGC5uRaCNWuw__HFM4WCitFqwLULrZM/s1600/SHORE%252C+Peter+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tony Benn, MP</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigDNuuNgFh51qOzd629EEOh4Lv9Ga6v3ytbHQsxYACVjieoTzCTm4Kw1F8NjuPmRzN3viRBCM25ohQcMLhR9nmZayU006mSKkEvE2ZrJCH1NmiqpX6-LxyhU49fZe9KYMETkA36O40zUM/s1600/BENN%252C+Wedgewood+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigDNuuNgFh51qOzd629EEOh4Lv9Ga6v3ytbHQsxYACVjieoTzCTm4Kw1F8NjuPmRzN3viRBCM25ohQcMLhR9nmZayU006mSKkEvE2ZrJCH1NmiqpX6-LxyhU49fZe9KYMETkA36O40zUM/s1600/BENN%252C+Wedgewood+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And Douglas Jay MP, father of Peter Jay, presenter of the BBC Money Programme until the 1990s.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Public Campaign</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There was little time to be wasted. Heath’s majority was small and the British economy was in poor shape with high unemployment, rising inflation and trouble from militant unions - the Heath Government could fall at any time. The Bill for accession to the EEC was to have its first reading in October 1971, just 15 months away, and there was much to be done.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ministers </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">decided </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">in June 1971 that they had </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“<i>to convince members of Parliament that the tide of public opinion was moving in their favour”. </i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Those were the days when MPs were more sensitive to the views of constituents.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The methods used by Heath’s Government, perhaps more than any others, precipitated the cynical attitude of people to politics and politicians that are current today, for Heath and his cohorts proceeded to use every trick in the book to turn public opinion to their way of thinking.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Service in action</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2RAHW1FJzCj2bbvpyBKKiRWpPssWrIdvaL-tq6jY9iygQyPZfD0lH7zELJAJ-CYgojoiJrFxPA9s0k2BKz9bnWdb6UXkgAffupkhP1KAGeE_IZLgW7wVd9f-HrnFCGt9svag4odgzVoM/s1600/CIVIL+SERVANT+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2RAHW1FJzCj2bbvpyBKKiRWpPssWrIdvaL-tq6jY9iygQyPZfD0lH7zELJAJ-CYgojoiJrFxPA9s0k2BKz9bnWdb6UXkgAffupkhP1KAGeE_IZLgW7wVd9f-HrnFCGt9svag4odgzVoM/s1600/CIVIL+SERVANT+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">audio track</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, ‘A Letter to the Times’, highlights, perhaps better than ten thousand words, the work of the FOC’s Information Research Department (IRD) led by Norman Reddaway. Reddaway (deceased) had been an IRD, MI5/6 linkman in the destabilisation of Sukarno, the Indonesian President, in the 1960s. The department had its origins in the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the Second World War.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">So IRD had a good pedigree when it came to subversion and it was, sadly, only too willing to use its skills on the home front to assist in the process of subsuming an unwilling people into an unaccountable European bureaucracy.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Geoffrey Tucker (the one with the gravely voice), prominent on the track, was an advertising guru and Heath’s coordinator of the public propaganda campaign. Tucker was the man interfacing between the EEC negotiating team in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, the European Movement (part Government funded), IRD/FOC/MI5/MI6 (Norman Reddaway), the press and the visual media. In other words, he was a ‘mover and shaker’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It is perhaps remarkable that Heath, could, so soon after winning the 1970 election, mobilise the civil service so quickly and find so many ‘willing hands’ to participate in, to use Hugo Young’s phrase again, ‘this blessed plot’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The programme of action (including orchestrating letters to the Times and other newspapers, written by the FCO for willing MPs to sign) was agreed at regular private breakfast meetings (paid from European Movement funds), and held in the Connaught Hotel, London. These breakfasts took place weekly throughout most of the campaign.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The breakfasts were clearly central to coordinating the public campaign, allowing Government ministers and officials to meet journalists and media people secretly, away from prying eyes. Indeed, they had much to hide, and those taking part, still alive today, would be most perturbed to learn that their participation was now public.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Roy Hattersly was so disgusted at the conniving, outside of normal governmental practises, that he never attended again.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Those </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">attending </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">included, besides Geoffrey Tucker and Mr Garret his official coordinator: the head and director of public relations at Conservative Central Office, Ernest Wistridge (Director of the European Movement), Anthony Royle (ministerial coordinator), Geoffrey Rippon, Heath’s political secretary (Douglas Hurd, MP, now Lord Hurd of Westwell), The editor of the Economist, the Managing Director of ITN, The Managing Director of BBC Radio Ian Trethowen, the Head of Current Affairs BBC TV, the Secretary of State for Aims of Industry, the Secretary of the Industrial Policy Group, a Director of ORC, the Liberal Chief Whip, the Secretary of the Labour Committee for Europe, the Assistant General Secretary of the Labour Party and the personal assistant to Roy Jenkins.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We further learn, from the book ‘</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s Secret Propaganda War’, page 148 (see appendices) that people from the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> establishment also attended.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A veritable roll-call of the ‘great and the good’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It is noticeable that Roy Hattersly’s name has been left off Anthony Royle’s </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">list</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. He wisely placed himself outside the conspiracy as previously mentioned.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Geoffrey Tucker claimed that he kept a notebook with three important headings:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1. Objectives:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">"To convince MPs that the tide of public opinion is moving towards joining the EEC".</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2. Method:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">"We must rely greatly on the fast media":</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">TV - News at 10</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24 Hours</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Panarama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Radio</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">World at One</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Today</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Woman's Hour</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall Stewart, then editor of the Today programme, cooperated fully with the Breakfast Club project, and may even have been one of the TV people present. In any case, we are told, the collaborators succeeded in getting an extra five minutes added to the Today Programme to broadcast pro-EEC propaganda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3. Nobbling</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“Nobbling is the name of the game”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, says Tucker. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“This involved direct day by day communications between our people and media personnel; e.g. FCO and Marshall Stewart of the Today Programme”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A major problem for the Government was that some of the presenters were unsympathetic to the ‘project’ and they decided that they had to be removed (i.e. no serious opposition was to be brooked).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The audio track reveals that Jack de Manio, presenter of the Today Programme was removed for his ‘anti-marketeer’ views. Ian Trethowen, a friend of Ted Heath, was the MD of BBC radio and no doubt cooperated with this. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The net result of ‘nobbling’ and propaganda was that a sceptical public, who were only 18% in favour of joining, with 70% against in December 1970, were for a short critical period, in July 1971, evenly balanced (51:49) for entry. This, together with other pressures (see later) on MPs, was enough to persuade them to vote for the motion to join the EEC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw-OTNpAIaONxfsEreQ05x5T1sTgxGiJpKk3kJqHmNK1vA0_1YEPQHgZDylD7uj158jgYIiu-89Gl-aj3uPJNu4C-5zNO1unlpgovz1kATgVdxLhuCyD7YOITA-5QOKlKWrXQJhfJ7Y9w/s1600/F%2526CO+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw-OTNpAIaONxfsEreQ05x5T1sTgxGiJpKk3kJqHmNK1vA0_1YEPQHgZDylD7uj158jgYIiu-89Gl-aj3uPJNu4C-5zNO1unlpgovz1kATgVdxLhuCyD7YOITA-5QOKlKWrXQJhfJ7Y9w/s1600/F%2526CO+01.jpg" /></a></div><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Documentation reveals seven FCO departments involved in the campaign:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1. Information Research Department (IRD), were the lead department and have already been mentioned. Norman Reddaway headed IRD. This department was involved more than any other in the propaganda and disinformation effort and set out to undermine those trying to resist the Government’s campaign. It is clear from the documentation that Reddaway had no scruples about how he used the civil service to misrepresent the case for joining and to neutralise opposition.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">a memo </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30th September 1970</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, just three months after the general election, he wrote: <i>“The discreet promotion of letters to the press through confidential brokers should now sharply increase……” </i>and in the same memo<i>: “BCEM </i>[European Movement] <i>liaison is likewise important”</i>. There is much in the same vein accessible to the reader.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Reddaway is not reticent in using ‘Goebbel’s style conditioning’ on his own countrymen. In his </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">memo </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">entitled ‘THE MESSAGE’ of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10th September 1970</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, he writes: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“The message should be coherent and simple. Repetition is essential”.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘THE MESSAGE’ (four pages) is an illuminating document and demonstrates that the art of spin preceded Alistair Campbell by several decades. Reddaway had worked out his own ideas about the benefits of membership. Whether or not he believed his own propaganda we shall never know. One suspects that, being an arch subversive, he did it for his own enjoyment and pleasure. The desire for truth and balance probably never entered into his head. Look at pages </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">and </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for details.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">IRD’s work output for the public campaign was quite phenomenal, they:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">- Wrote over 50 </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">articles </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for national and regional newspapers - Wrote </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">pamphlets </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for the Conservative Group for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">- Kept a steady stream of letters and articles to the press from September 1970 until October 1971</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">- drafted replies to over 2000 letters from the general public - prepared about 60 separate background briefs for speakers, journalists and politicians, in addition to providing general reference material and speaking notes </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2. European Information Department (EID) drafted speeches and letters. They even </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">drafted a speech </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for Mr Howell (MP) for the Labour party conference. The reader may wonder what was a government department doing writing party speeches, but this was a regular activity throughout the campaign.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3. European Communities Information Unit (ECIU) </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">planned </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the ‘Information Effort in the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’ as well as the ‘Information Effort overseas’. They also seemed to have a role in intelligence, in particular, seeking out those people ‘for and against’ so that action could be taken to enlist their support for the campaign or neutralise those thought likely to give trouble. For instance they </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">carried out an operation </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">on BBC</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and determined that <i>“All those involved in News and Current Affairs are pro-Marketeers and we can depend upon them to press for as much time as possible”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">So much for civil service impartiality.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Also in the </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">same letter </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">ECIU writes: <i>“I have written to the regional organiser of the European Movement in </i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Edinburgh</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">……”. </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This was an important operation for the FCO, because opinion was much more firmly set against entry in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> than the rest of the country.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Another ECIU letter </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">shows that the unit was up to its neck plotting, and in particular, it organised speakers for recalcitrant MP’s constituencies and <i>“A campaign of letter writing to MPs by constituents must also be promoted” </i>As the expression goes: ‘I love my country but I fear my government’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“There was, in addition, regular </span></i><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">contact </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">between ECIU and the producers of major current affairs programmes” </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">where their help was needed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">4.Guidance and Information Policy (GIP)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5. Information Administration Department (IAD) - information control in other words. This unit had the function of controlling the information output to the campaign, presumably to avoid inconsistency of message and to ensure maximum public impact. No doubt it was this department that suppressed FCO 30/1048 – the findings on the impact on sovereignty.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The visits section of the IAD <i>“</i></span><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">launched </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">a major programme of 1000 visits </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[paid for by the FCO – see elsewhere in this story] <i>a year from </i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Western Europe</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. These visits were aimed at creating favourable climate of opinion……..”.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">6. Cultural Relations Department (CRD)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7. East/West Contacts and Student Welfare (EWCSW). This department was responsible for the British Council, which was itself active in the campaign. What student welfare had to do with the campaign is a question best left to the imagination but documentation makes references to </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">campaigning in schools</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Broadcast Media Participation</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZiBabqFDXavwSpEU0HyHorvqS_TjIf_8G4AsTrsyM8CdziDCzahz9GzXdi1LqLV6A29Nmg3RkNvdCej0mLx6s-GnoT_Ou8xtryKvTInRY7uhVo4o6g820bkYZonBQyCHOl5ca4eRZH9A/s1600/WHITELAW%252C+William+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZiBabqFDXavwSpEU0HyHorvqS_TjIf_8G4AsTrsyM8CdziDCzahz9GzXdi1LqLV6A29Nmg3RkNvdCej0mLx6s-GnoT_Ou8xtryKvTInRY7uhVo4o6g820bkYZonBQyCHOl5ca4eRZH9A/s1600/WHITELAW%252C+William+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“Mr William Whitelaw </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[President of the Council] </span><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">said </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">that he would have a word with the BBC about a lack of co-operation on their part<b>”</b></span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Is this the respectable amiable Willi Whitelaw, one of Mrs Thatcher’s closest colleagues during her administration?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The actions of the press have been described elsewhere in this narrative, here we are interested in how the broadcast media (TV and radio) ‘rose’ to the challenge urged on by Government.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">At first TV, and radio, particularly the BBC, we are told, were cool to the campaign, needing to maintain impartiality as required in their charter. However, things changed rapidly under the onslaught from the FCO (in particular IRD). We are informed, in the </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">audio track </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(‘A letter to the Times’), the <i>“flood of letters” </i>in the press, written by IRD’s officials and signed by MPs, induced a heightened interest. TV and Radio executives were invited to the strategic weekly breakfasts, which met privately at the Cannaught Hotel in London and where ministers, MPs, FCO officials and the European Movement collaborated with TV and Radio bosses to get the Government’s message across (it could be added: ‘at all costs’).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The audio track, itself, speaks volumes. But we also know from Anthony Royle’s report - ‘Approach to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’, that the MDs of ITN and BBC Radio (Ian Trethowen) and the Head of Current Affairs BBC TV attended. It was Ian Trethowen, a friend of Heath, responding to pressure to remove ‘anti-Europeans’ who got rid Jack de Manio the Radio 4 presenter, because he was against joining the EEC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That there may have been other removals or changes is indicated by Geoffrey Tucker of Conservative Central Office, who </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">reported</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“we are fortunate that communicators were now basically in favour of our entry. This had not been true a few months ago”</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Royle </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">tells </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">us that Southern TV and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Grenada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> accepted assistance and Scottish TV accepted pressure to do more generally. He also reports that: <i>“Both television and radio, despite their rules of impartiality, were judged by the German Embassy, in a careful assessment in early August </i>[1971]<i>, to be contributing importantly and favourably”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Royle </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">concludes</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“The impact was immediate. Reports from all sources indicated a substantial favourable movement of public opinion”</i>, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">and </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“It produced the desired tide of public opinion in favour, at the right time before MPs returned to their constituencies, and in particular before they entered the conference season in September”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The power of TV is well known, that is why TV attracts massive fees from advertisers. It is said that an advert for, say mars bars, will show an immediate threefold increase in sales following an advertising broadcast.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That the, independent (by statute) broadcast media colluded in the Government’s plan to deceive the public is a blot on that industry that remains to this day.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">FCO Conspires to Neutralise the Keep </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Out Campaign</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDFIgwNr8rmtvur9nhB9QcswQbdbDV5QIO5bJEKQ2PbMxFsFJzEDHVaAPpD-tKng3RTTgYKD7Z_VLOfVWDwr81jC8tKuI1NU-8I_F_I84-7_hX4fjgU-258ARLHamWHASQQhJdWwx443Y/s1600/MICROPHONE+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDFIgwNr8rmtvur9nhB9QcswQbdbDV5QIO5bJEKQ2PbMxFsFJzEDHVaAPpD-tKng3RTTgYKD7Z_VLOfVWDwr81jC8tKuI1NU-8I_F_I84-7_hX4fjgU-258ARLHamWHASQQhJdWwx443Y/s320/MICROPHONE+01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Christopher Frere-Smith was the Chairman of the ‘Keep Britain Out Campaign’. The FCO took a dim view of the organisation’s presence in the campaign and were not interested in a level playing field, as internal memos and correspondence make clear. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Frere-Smith wrote to the FCO complaining of the lack of access to regulations and other instruments passed by the EEC. A lowly official, Mr Simcock, drafted a seemingly honest and satisfactory </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">reply</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, listing the various locations where the documents could be viewed. He added, incorrectly that: <i>“the instruments will naturally be amended where necessary to take account of British interests before accession to the Community”</i>. Incorrectly, because the Government accepted a ‘fait accompli’, ‘a take the whole of it or leave it situation’. The Government desperate to get in this time, had singularly failed to negotiate the Treaty as promised in the Conservative Party election manifesto. This failure was the theme of speeches during the Parliamentary debates.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">However, W K Slatcher, Simcock’s superior in EID, rejected his idea of cooperating with Frere-Smith and writing to his own boss suggests:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“In view of Mr Frere-Smith’s notorious anti-market activities </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[having a view about entry and campaigning for that view in a so called democratic society was now beyond the pail]<i>, it does not seem incumbent upon us to tell him the full story of the adaptation of secondary legislation to British requirements nor of the preparation of authentic English texts of Community legislation”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Is this playing fair with a campaigning organisation who, were at that time, representing the majority of public opinion that was 70% against entry, with only 18% in favour? And one may well ask: whose side were these officials on? Perhaps, if President Clinton were to comment, he might well say: Well, it was the ‘foreign office’, stupid, that Frere-Smith was dealing with.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Earlier, in that year Frere-Smith had requested a grant similar to that received by the European Movement for campaigning but was flatly </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">turned down </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">by the Secretary of State. In an </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">internal memo </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of 6th April 1971, R A Fyjis-Walker of the Information Administration Dept wrote, in response to Frere-Smith’s request for information on grants to non-governmental organisations campaigning for entry: “<i>I think we should if possible avoid itemising the organisations who have received support </i>[taxpayers money] <i>from the FCO, since Mr Frere-Smith is then likely to campaign against them by name”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">So there it is; a civil service department paid for by taxpayers, who were required to be open, but were blocking access to vital campaigning information, blocking access to funding and denying information on funding to the ‘other side’, (which, as Anthony Royle’s account makes clear, was massive).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tracking Enoch Powell</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3qME2s1A-KPWE4G2BZh2rSQdjbk7oyX6zL3Vg8omfxN18UiiTr__-mIBcHk9eqYE7K_CR-XcBR-4ZA2TnbbCpbJjaap1J4BN-7j5KQTQxBtsz1ltKunZTJLwosdR81OBLFUwxqib2ss/s1600/POWELL%252C+Enoch+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3qME2s1A-KPWE4G2BZh2rSQdjbk7oyX6zL3Vg8omfxN18UiiTr__-mIBcHk9eqYE7K_CR-XcBR-4ZA2TnbbCpbJjaap1J4BN-7j5KQTQxBtsz1ltKunZTJLwosdR81OBLFUwxqib2ss/s1600/POWELL%252C+Enoch+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Conservative MP, Enoch Powell, was one of the most articulate and knowledgeable parliamentarians of the day and it annoyed the establishment that he worked tirelessly in attacking the Government’s EEC policy. Powell, fluent in a number of languages, carried out a programme of speaking engagements, both in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and EEC countries.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The establishment took a dim view, though, that an MP, and particularly one who was a member of the ruling party, should be seen to be speaking against Government policy abroad. Embassies in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> were tasked with tracking Mr Powell during his speaking tour. There is </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">a letter </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">from the Bonn Embassy to the Frankfurt Consul General which demonstrates that campaigning against entry, even abroad, is to be resisted: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“If Mr Powell’s visit to </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Frankfurt</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> generates publicity and you feel that there is any counter-action which can be put in hand from here in </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bonn</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, please let us know”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shadowing of Powell continued with his visit to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Turin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, where we find the British Embassy in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Rome</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (P F Hancock) </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">writing to the FCO </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">informing them that they have instructed the Turin Consul to attend Powell’s lecture – </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“as a silent observer and go to any other functions….. ”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Hancock also informs the FCO in the same letter that he had met an Italian deputy whom he had sent: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“some general briefing, including ideas for a couple of awkward questions”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Back in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, Powell made a speech in East Ham which received prominent headlines in the national press. Mr Adams the FCO official that we have already come across, was incensed that he had not received advanced copy of the speech from the Conservative Party Central Office (CCO), which he suspected they were in possession of. Mr Adam’s anger echoes down the years in his memo. He writes to Mr Hugh Jones whom he </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">rebukes </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for not getting the speech from CCO<i>…. “This is a bad state of affairs and I think we must now insist that the CCO and the Labour Committee for Europe let us have advanced press releases by anti-Europeans in their respective parties as soon as they can get hold of them. Had we been given Mr Powell’s speech, we could have inserted a rejoinder in Mr Rippon’s speech yesterday”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This was an example of direct collusion between the FCO and the political machinery of the Conservative and Labour parties. Mr Adams had clearly lost his temper over the matter. Why else would he have put such damming material into the record? Also, we see his prejudices out in the open, with his use of abusive language, calling his opponents (70% of the population) ‘anti-Europeans’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In another </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">memo </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(to the Parliamentary Unit) Mr Adams provides a response to a ‘sensitive’ parliamentary question from Mr Powell about FCO expenditure on informing the British public about the EEC: <i>“The fact that one or two of these visitors </i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[exchange of key figures between the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and the EEC] <i>have incidentally appeared on British radio and television is not something that we would want to be generally known. Otherwise we shall face the charge that this money is, in this indirect way, being used for propaganda purposes”.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr Adams clearly demonstrates a hatred for any opposition to his little bureaucratic games and shows that he was prepared to go to any lengths to get the country into the EEC, no matter what the country may have wished. We see in this expose that he was not alone. What was it that motivated these people, causing them to raise their game to near fever pitch?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">FCO - General Comments</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw-OTNpAIaONxfsEreQ05x5T1sTgxGiJpKk3kJqHmNK1vA0_1YEPQHgZDylD7uj158jgYIiu-89Gl-aj3uPJNu4C-5zNO1unlpgovz1kATgVdxLhuCyD7YOITA-5QOKlKWrXQJhfJ7Y9w/s1600/F%2526CO+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw-OTNpAIaONxfsEreQ05x5T1sTgxGiJpKk3kJqHmNK1vA0_1YEPQHgZDylD7uj158jgYIiu-89Gl-aj3uPJNu4C-5zNO1unlpgovz1kATgVdxLhuCyD7YOITA-5QOKlKWrXQJhfJ7Y9w/s1600/F%2526CO+01.jpg" /></a></div><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">At no time was our civil service, or the Government in general, concerned with providing the public with a balanced case of ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ for entry. This prejudiced attitude, unfortunately, has continued through successive governments down to this day. There is never a balanced discussion. Why?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This has led to a deep mistrust of our rulers and a tendency to take what we are told with a large dose of salt. Turn-out in elections has fallen year on year and the attempt to raise voting levels by going over to postal voting has resulted in election fraud. It should be clear that there is one act, that would reverse the situation. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Jean Monnet and his Comité d’Action pour les État-Unis d’Europe</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHN5YfxApNABMgTx1_oOzK3yc6sd_5NqbSDBhm7NHHTgElvJ2I2BuLxFUT3LTOfejREwovFR2pVByTjrPCIsxLUO6xUY7XMWS3mDChrltVgadNGXVPHQYGbkfn1HVdDUlv4P5-GJ7xYSY/s1600/MONNET%252C+Jean+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHN5YfxApNABMgTx1_oOzK3yc6sd_5NqbSDBhm7NHHTgElvJ2I2BuLxFUT3LTOfejREwovFR2pVByTjrPCIsxLUO6xUY7XMWS3mDChrltVgadNGXVPHQYGbkfn1HVdDUlv4P5-GJ7xYSY/s320/MONNET%252C+Jean+01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Jean Monnet, a supranationalist (never mind democracy) was ‘behind-the-scenes’ masterminding every stage of the European ‘project’, from the early 1920s until the 1970s. Contrary to the image projected in FCO documentation of Monnet as an avuncular figure, interested only in progressing </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s application for membership of the EEC, he was no friend of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. He had worked to ensure that </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> was kept out of the European Coal and Steel Community in the early 1950s, fearing that it would interfere with his supranational plans (see appendix - ‘historical background’).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">By the early 1970s, with the Common Market of the six well established, particularly the French designed Common Agricultural Policy, it suited Monnet’s plans to have Britain join, albeit, on terms which can only be described as derisory. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s fisheries did even worse.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">During the first six months of 1972, when the ECA(72) seemed certain to go through, we see Jean Monnet appearing on the British scene, (even though he had no official role in the proceeding), to facilitate the process and direct the country towards the next stage of integration. The tone of ministers’ and officials’ memos and correspondence demonstrate they were in some kind of awe of the man and, although they were not entirely happy with his involvement, obviously went out of their way not to upset him. Perhaps they feared that he had the power to sabotage entry, even at that late stage.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Those interested in the history of the period will find the documentation fascinating; fascinating in as much as it shows Government, whilst telling the nation that they were only to be participating in a trading arrangement, were, in fact, working on the next stages of integration.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There is correspondence on common European action in the </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">monetary field </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(economic and monetary union), the EEC’s political prospects, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">social policy</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, European monetary fund (anticipating the establishment of a European Investment Bank (EIB)) and even correspondence on external (European) relations. Astounding, as it may seem, Monnet even involved himself in the </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">nomination of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">British European Commissioners.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Heath is quoted, in </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">one memo</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: that Monnet’s idea on the development of employment policy, “<i>merits further examination”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The mindset of the Government was clearly at odds with its presentation to Parliament and the public.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Alec Douglas Home, the Foreign Secretary, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">positively grovels </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to Monnet and in a letter to him writes: “<i>But I would like to say how much I agree with the method which you recommend should be followed in promoting the process of European integration”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This letter by, perhaps, the second most important person in the Government, shows it (the Government) had almost lost all self respect and was prepared to, on the one hand, secretly discuss European integration with a foreigner, whilst on the other, deceive the British public and Parliament over their true intensions. Surely historians writing of this time will regard it as one of the blackest times in the long journey of the British nation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">One must now ask: how can the results of this sad chapter in our history be reversed?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;">The British Council of the European Movement (BCEM)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsT-sI0L9S_NhTANgd3m8aTfdxNmehjfMrJE0YycqRb-D4gvY71T8iPjACmmotZsGKOvsesXFQGKITT5x_rlOYLNCU_r1CSrXdAVBjCNofVOVIHJz_AfBzRoYsAgN7uBR_SaaFUQqUCwg/s1600/Exec+Committee+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsT-sI0L9S_NhTANgd3m8aTfdxNmehjfMrJE0YycqRb-D4gvY71T8iPjACmmotZsGKOvsesXFQGKITT5x_rlOYLNCU_r1CSrXdAVBjCNofVOVIHJz_AfBzRoYsAgN7uBR_SaaFUQqUCwg/s320/Exec+Committee+01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.5pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(Usually know by its abbreviated name: European Movement (EM))</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The United States Government, after the Second World War, covertly funded and encouraged, through its Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), an almost bankrupt European Movement, whose aim was the establishment of an integrated European nation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Between 1949 and 1953 the CIA provided the Movement with <i>known-of </i>funds of some </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">£20 million in today’s money</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. In addition CIA money was poured into the related European Youth Campaign until 1959 – see reference in the Appendices to the book ‘Gold Warriors’, an investigative account of Japanese gold acquired in SE Asia between 1895 and 1945, and the use made of it by the CIA (Professor Richard Aldridge’s book - ‘The Hidden Hand’).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The campaign to establish the foundations of a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">State</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> through the European Coal and Steel Community and subsequently the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European Economic Community</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(EEC) in 1957 was successful on the continent of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. But there was little public interest in the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> for entry until </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s application to join in the early 1960s which ended with the French President, General de Gaulle’s veto in February 1963.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It was not until 1970 that a serious attempt at entry was tried again. But public opinion was strongly against, with polls in December 1970, just two years before we entered the EEC showing 70% of the people against with only 18% in favour.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Conservative Party, under Ted Heath, a EU-enthusiast, had been re-elected in the spring of that year (1970) and used every means, licit and illicit (if not illegal) to dragoon Britain into the Common Market. The subject of this section is the part played by the European Movement, The European Movement, led by Lord Harlech, was of immense value to Heath, in that it appeared unconnected with government presenting an image of itself as drawing support from ordinary members of the public, i.e. a sort of grass roots organisation. This image was far removed from reality.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The records make clear that the EM was an integral part of a highly effective governmental propaganda machine, collaborating (or colluding) to shoehorn the British people into the EEC, whether they liked it or not. There was </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">close coordination </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">between Government departments and the EM (as well as the British Council and the Conservative Group for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European Movement funding from the CIA, seems to have dried up by this time, but was now </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">receiving regular funding </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">from the Government by way of a FCO annual grant. Of perhaps even greater importance, was the fact that the EM attended most Government planning meetings held during the campaign.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The EM was proactive throughout the country and provided speakers for public and party political meetings and the FCO’s Information Research Department (IRD) was mobilised to provide </span><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘advice and help’ </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to them. The EM </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">reported </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">at one meeting (at the height of the campaign) in the Lord President’s Office (William Whitelaw) that they were providing 600 speakers a month. At the same meeting the record shows, Norman Reddaway head of IRD was worried that, although they had the capacity to produce letters for the campaign, it did not have the machinery to distribute them. The EM undertook this work and received substantial Government funding to do it – some grass roots organisation this.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The IRD wrote letters for the EM to </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">place in the press </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">and the European Information Department were mobilised to </span><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“provide ideas for reply” </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the same morning to the EM, to letters from ‘antis’ appearing in the press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Government were also fearful that they might be forced to concede a referendum on joining the EEC. The EM, though, were geared up to </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“<i>discredit it in advance” </i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">– so much for democracy.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The EM also colluded with </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. The London based EEC Information Unit, as a foreign organisation, could not get directly involved in the campaign, so the EM stepped in again, providing an indirect means for their involvement by “</span><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">distributing their material</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">” </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">on a wide scale using <i>“direct mail organisations to undertake the distribution”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That the EM worked closely with the Government, as if a part of the Government’s machinery, is seen again in the post </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Campaign report </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of the 15th February 1972 made by Anthony Royle MP and FCO minister. He reported: <i>“The IRD/ECIU co-operation produced the basic material on which most of the subsequent productions were based</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">– booklets, talking points, speeches, notes etc. Thus throughout the winter of 1970-71 all the infrastructure was laid down, the preparatory work initiated and the ground prepared for the European Movement in consultation with the FCO departments….</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This preparatory work ensured that the Government’s open campaign </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[he means public campaign] <i>was launched and carried out so effectively between July and October 1971”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">report highlights </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the extra funding (tax money) gifted by the FCO during the campaign<i>: “The FCO’s annual grant of £7,500 to the European Movement for its own visits programme was topped up several times, and smaller donations were made to other organisations”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The report </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">notes: The EEC’s London Information Office worked closely with the European Movement in promoting visits from this country to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. These </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’ junkets for ‘soft’ targets, continue to this day.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The EM, presumably using Government money </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">appointed a firm of advertising consultants </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“to organise an advertising campaign, and survey of public attitudes was commissioned. Corporate members </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[leaders of industry] <i>of the Movement were asked to assist by including an EEC element in their own advertising”</i>. The Times and British Leyland duly complied. The Movement’s advertising campaign reached a climax in the period July-October 1970.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">report continues</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“Between September </i>1970 [3 months after Heath’s election victory] <i>and October 1971, IRD kept up a steady stream of letters and articles to the press, working closely with the European Movement, …”.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Today it is clear that the European Movement was an indispensable and integral part of the Government’s machinery. Since the Government was never able to persuade more than 51% (and only for a short few critical months at that) of the public the merits of joining the EEC, even though it was presented as just a trading block, it could never have achieved the narrow (favourable) vote in Parliament (majority of just 8) without the EM’s participation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony Royle </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">concludes: </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“BCEM </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">[EM] <i>advertising in the national and local press, including articles and list of prominent supporters, was generally agreed to have been very effective……anti-referenda and other activities all made their contribution, particularly at grass roots level. The campaign for letters to MPs was limited. The other arrangements for letter to the press on the other hand </i>[in which IRD helped] <i>worked splendidly</i>”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The lavish financing of the Campaign, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Royle reports</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, cost the Government about £711,400 of which about £250,000 went to the EM; huge sums for the time. These sums, of course, ignore the costs of civil servants and the effect of their diversion from <i>normal </i>activities.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">So there we have it, the EM effectively a quasi-government department posing as a grass roots organisation (nothing has changed to day). They were (and still are) working to undermine the hard won freedom, justice and democracy of the country.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This is nothing short of scandalous, and moves should be made to have the EM publicly exposed for what it is and an audit should be carried out of payments made to all those members who have taken (and are taking) part in these appalling sorts of activities.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Participation by </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVes0O_X1eAfp9yvJQ-DmCGeZ6meIDjZQ8jJE4PizdlHeug1LnxFBkP7n5ygGCaQHZ-Mz2iNyC_LMQVKFeZKs7iuPqOmARcsobd7N6hnZeqJ5aEiCEAUrQkkD_MwyHN-tb1mBDZvwcbWE/s1600/BRUSSELS+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVes0O_X1eAfp9yvJQ-DmCGeZ6meIDjZQ8jJE4PizdlHeug1LnxFBkP7n5ygGCaQHZ-Mz2iNyC_LMQVKFeZKs7iuPqOmARcsobd7N6hnZeqJ5aEiCEAUrQkkD_MwyHN-tb1mBDZvwcbWE/s400/BRUSSELS+01.jpg" width="273" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That the EEC had the status of a foreign power and therefore, by convention, should not interfere in the affairs of another country, did not seem to bother them, or for that matter, the Heath Government.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We have seen earlier the interfering from Jean Monnet (and his Comité d’Action pour les Ètats-Unis d’Europe) and the willing collaboration of the Government through the FCO’s European Integration Department, but we also see the Brussels machinery involved, clandestinely, in the British public campaign.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony Royle </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">reports </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">in his ‘Approach to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’, that: <i>“The EEC’s </i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Information Office worked closely with the European Movement in promoting visits from this country to </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. These all expenses paid trips, were gifted to those who were seen as susceptible to that sort of thing and who might help promote a pro-EU line – beware of ‘Greeks bearing gifts’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The European Communities Office in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> was also not shy about </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">providing pamphlets </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for the public information campaign, or the Heath Government concerned about it to happening.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The EEC Information Unit’s activities in the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> also figures in the </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">record of the meeting </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">31st March 1971</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> held in the Lord President’s office. The aforementioned Mr Adams, pointed out that, <i>“the EEC Information Unit produced extremely good material but felt as a foreign organisation that it could not distribute it too widely”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Government’s willing and ‘illustrious’ BCEM, usually, present at top Government meetings, stepped in: <i>“It was agreed that the BCEM should distribute the Unit’s material on a wide scale under its own auspices”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Town Twinning</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqkV-HqplKu_y6pBoymfPJAIaqKCHFtz08lrCuYbpXgdcJxs8xcQP8cJeBs9V9F5YQLcj4NZUxh7wVqo9cj3BIJ6SOFDRqsiMgRzvr1JpQy62fXHpQHJFxQ8C-bQBqSsPVzl4NRzAtFFU/s1600/TWINNING+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqkV-HqplKu_y6pBoymfPJAIaqKCHFtz08lrCuYbpXgdcJxs8xcQP8cJeBs9V9F5YQLcj4NZUxh7wVqo9cj3BIJ6SOFDRqsiMgRzvr1JpQy62fXHpQHJFxQ8C-bQBqSsPVzl4NRzAtFFU/s320/TWINNING+01.jpg" width="268" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">When the Heath Government was conspiring to smooth the way for Britain to join the Common Market in the early 1970s, there existed some bona fide twinnings between British and continental towns. The Government, however, saw in them a good opportunity to use them as a sort of ‘Trojan horse’ for propagandising a sceptical public into backing EEC entry.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony Royle, the FCO minister who boasted of the magnificent effort of the European Movement in the Government’s campaign to join the EEC, set about visiting French Mayors from </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the 27th October 1972</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Although the Campaign had already been won and the European Communities Bill 1972 passed, the Government was concerned with keeping the public on side and preparing the ground for further integration (although the public were told nothing of this).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In the memo on town twinning from the FCO’s European Integration Department (EID) to Norman Reddaway and others, the writer (J M Crosby) discloses the Government budget for this activity: <i>“……and the note therefore concentrates on this element of the </i></span><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">£6 million programme</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. A huge amount in 1972.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Town Twinning Association (TWA) thus lost its innocence and was drawn into the plot with a view to softening up the public for further steps in integration. To this day, there is an exchange of ‘officers’ between the European Movement and TWAs and it is not unusual for EM officials to be seen chairing TWA AGMs.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It would be unfair to postulate though, that those participating in town twinning exchanges are motivated by a desire for European integration because for the most part the motives are simply to enjoy the interchange with different peoples and cultures. After all, it is the differences between us, which make it worthwhile to associate in the first place. But there often seems to be an undercurrent of EU promotional activity and it does not go unnoticed that the French Twinning Association is a part of the Mouvement Européen which sometimes puts on EU promotional themes in their Hotêls des Villes (town halls) for visitors.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The European Union ingratiated itself into the Town Twinning movements in 1989 by providing financial support for twinning visits, provided there were no ‘folkloristic’ events involved in the visit. Towns wishing to twin with continental towns are now required to have their mayor swear an oath of allegiance to the EU. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The ‘Town Twinning’ web site throws further light on intentions: “To meet the objectives of bringing citizens closer together the European Commission, has since 1989, been running an annual programme to support town twinning schemes which it regards as a valuable way of involving ordinary people and their elected representatives in European integration and of strengthening their sense of belonging to the European Union”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Another page reads: “A programme for the meeting [CAT programme] which is not merely touristic: folkloristic events and commercial exchanges are not co-financed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">From 1999 onwards, support will only be granted if a special theme (i.e. European citizenship, European Union and its impact on local authorities, topical European policy issues such as, for example, the Amsterdam Treaty, the single currency, European elections, enlargement, and other ongoing policy areas, e.g. employment, a social Europe, culture, Common Agricultural Policy, etc) is included in the meeting programme”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The oath reads: </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“We take a solemn oath:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">To maintain permanent ties between our municipalities……</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">To join forces so as to further, to the best of our ability, the success of this vital enterprise of peace and prosperity: THE EUROPEAN UNION”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Convincing Conservative rank and file</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">As previously mentioned, the Conservative Party leadership moved swiftly following its June 1970 election victory to gain the support of the party’s rank and file and Geoffrey Rippon went into some detail in his autumn conference speech to trumpet the merits of Britain joining the Common Market.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">One has to ask what happened after his </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">assurances </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">that, “<i>We shall not sign a Treaty of Accession which would commit us to the common fisheries policy, or to <b>any </b></i>[writer’s emphasis] <i>agreement which did not satisfactorily protect our legitimate interests”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sweet words of reassurance to be sure.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Later in his speech, Rippon </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">provides reassurances </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">on sovereignty: “<i>So it is nonsense to say that </i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> will no longer be ruled by the rule of the people’s representatives – or to put it in constitutional terms – by the Queen in Parliament”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Compare this with the notorious </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">FCO 30/1048 report </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">drawn up in the following months which provided a grim view of the prospects for Britain’s sovereignty, a view which has clearly been confirmed by present day events and the present headlong rush to an EU Constitution.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It is not surprising that the deceitful game played by politicians and officials, at the time, required that FCO30/1048 be protected by official secrecy until the year 2000.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No doubt, the conspirators concluded that by the year 2000, the events of 1970-72, would be of no public interest.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If they thought that then they were of course wrong. The European venture, lacking sound moral and constitutional legitimacy, would never be able to command respectability or credibility. It is, in fact, just a ‘house of cards’ awaiting its time.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">What happened to the people’s Referendum?</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixaEoLIqXMKVD2jRMEpix7fxgJCk35fIs04USa-8hpiMTgJf35fjC3hCB5lBDOYTb5ZHb2NqHa8i7JaDbGL3dD2xMVzjeSTZ1UAw_YXWRn91hPgvLaSdWBkC4lu5pRewHRYXJnzhGl9o0/s1600/PIGS+FLY+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixaEoLIqXMKVD2jRMEpix7fxgJCk35fIs04USa-8hpiMTgJf35fjC3hCB5lBDOYTb5ZHb2NqHa8i7JaDbGL3dD2xMVzjeSTZ1UAw_YXWRn91hPgvLaSdWBkC4lu5pRewHRYXJnzhGl9o0/s320/PIGS+FLY+01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The one thing Ted Heath and his accomplices feared, in their headlong dash to join the EEC was a referendum. They must have quaked at the thought, so that Geoffrey Rippon dismissed a plea from Tony Benn for a referendum at the 3rd reading of the Bill, with evasion, claiming that the Government was authorised to present the legislation to the House. Rippon rudely puts Benn down, with: <i>“I say in relation to the Right hon. Gentleman’s third intervention that he is more characteristic of a cockerel who believes that the sun gets up in the morning simply to hear him crow” </i>– so much for the rights of the people to have their say in a referendum. It was true that referendums were an innovation in the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">UK</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> at the time. Heath, himself, though, had proposed one for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, but this (joining the EEC) was an issue involving fundamental changes to the Constitution and the way the country was to be governed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Indeed Douglas Jay MP had pointed out that the other three applicant (to join the EEC) countries were holding referendums.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tony Benn was a leading advocate of a referendum and campaigned for one. The establishment, though, hated those proposing one and in Anthony Royle’s </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">report of events </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">described those seeking it as ‘anti-Parliamentary’: “<i>The anti-Parliamentary tendency found expression in a movement fanned by Mr Wedgewood Benn for a national referendum on the issue……it demanded attention through much of the campaign and in Parliament”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That there was no serious demand for a referendum on joining is probably due to the ignorance of the public (and some Parliamentarians) of the huge constitutional implications involved. And because the ‘waters’ were muddied by repeating the mantra, that there was no essential loss of sovereignty involved, and the fact that referenda were untried and described by the Government (at least), as ‘un-British’, helps to explain why it didn’t happen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The impact of the European Movement’s efforts in ‘talking down’ a referendum can only be guessed at, but the fact they did so, shows their determination to exclude the public from having any influence in the outcome. This was a matter of vital importance to everyone, since the issue was: who would be governing them in the future?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In retrospect, the fact that Edward Heath’s pledge of not joining without the <i>“full-hearted consent of Parliament and the people”, </i>was broken and a referendum refused was profoundly anti-democratic. The legitimacy of membership, as a result, is challenged to this day, and that is not surprising.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The later cynical attempt by Harold Wilson’s Government to retrospectively legitimise membership through the 1975 referendum could not repair the damage.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Legislation passed by illicit means cannot be legitimised later by holding a referendum. It is no better than John Prescott’s October 2004 referendum to try to legitimise the appointed and illegitimate, North East England Regional Assembly (NEERA). NEERA was set up in 1999 as part of 8 English regions and part of the EU’s Europe-wide regionalisation process to ‘divide (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) and rule (it)’. The public are more aware now, and saw through the scheme and decisively rejected it by more than three to one in the vote. The public of 1975, however, were taken in by the promises (and fears) of the time, but were they to know then, what is now widely known, then…..?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Parliamentary ‘Stitch-up’</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It is remarkable that </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">polls </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">showed public opinion consistently running at more than 3 to 1 against joining the EEC in the first months of 1971, yet by July, polls recorded, albeit temporarily, support and opposition evenly balanced. This demonstrated the success of the Government’s high-powered, but illicit, campaign. The </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">objective </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">had been: “<i>to convince MPs that the tide of public opinion was moving in favour of joining the EEC”</i>, so that they would vote positively and overwhelmingly for, the then, forthcoming European Communities Bill. Although the Bill was narrowly passed at the second reading, the objective of demonstrating overwhelming support was not. There was no ‘whole-hearted consent’ promised by Edward Heath at the 1970 General election, not that this seemed to matter to him. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The following account provides readers with insight into the Parliamentary ‘stitch-up’ that helped to set the country on course for the division and recrimination that continues unabated to this day.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Conservative Whip’s Report – free or whipped vote?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It is not of course unusual for governments to use whips to make their MPs follow the party line and to get legislation through Parliament. The report by whip, Norman St John Stevas, (now Lord St John of Fawsley) examines the </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">merits </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of a ‘whipped vote’ against a non-whipped vote. Stevas ponders: <i>“Clearly the question whether to have a whipped vote or a free vote on our side is a vital and complicated one”</i>. The decision, in the end, to have a free vote, was not made on grounds of the constitutional importance of the issue, or of it being a matter for MP’s consciences. No, the decision was purely pragmatic.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Stevas reasoned, that allowing a free vote would not change the voting intentions of Conservative MPs very much but a free vote </span><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“seems reasonably certain” </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to result in a higher Labour vote for the Common Market.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In the event the Government seems to have employed other means to make its recalcitrant MPs vote the ‘required way’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Whip’s Report - pressure on Conservative elected representatives</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEx6QC_gGgg6SVmVsQuk96KA5GSGxIVJkWxNNJNjWmR9SKJLWbziPSWAUIJGc9oKA8u_GuJzIHCcMEruYK86m9EopknptbklSmUEX5SxxmkTXAsM4m1dhrI4Yx-kCutxDGzUuXWbY4wg/s1600/SHOTGUN+o1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEx6QC_gGgg6SVmVsQuk96KA5GSGxIVJkWxNNJNjWmR9SKJLWbziPSWAUIJGc9oKA8u_GuJzIHCcMEruYK86m9EopknptbklSmUEX5SxxmkTXAsM4m1dhrI4Yx-kCutxDGzUuXWbY4wg/s320/SHOTGUN+o1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">At this distance in time it is more difficult to determine what occurred behind the scenes to persuade Conservative MPs to vote to join. However, there are enough Conservative MPs from the time, still alive, and there is sufficient evidence in documentation to be certain that pressure was applied.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Jeremy Paxman in his book ‘The Political Animal’ describes some of the methods used by whips to ensure compliance. In describing the activities of the ‘keeper of dark secrets' (the whips), he tells of one MP who had much to conceal, being asked to the whips office. The whip opened his safe, took out some compromising photographs and showed them to the MP. Paxman says he never gave trouble again.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Other ‘tools of the trade’ include, powers to dispense favours, such as sending MPs on all expenses paid ‘fact-finding’ missions overseas and honours to be dolled out.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There is no direct evidence of serious arm-twisting tactics having been used but the recalcitrant Teddy Taylor MP (now Sir Teddy Taylor MP) and then a Government minister, has recounted how Edward Heath approached him, and asked him why he would want to jeopardise his career in this way (by not backing the party). Although Teddy Taylor voted against the motion in the first and third readings of the Bill he </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">voted with Government </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">in the critical second reading. Five more Conservative MPs voting against would have meant that the Bill failed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Neil Martin, MP for Banbury, spoke of pressures. In the House of Commons in his </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">speech </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">during the second reading he said:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“We anti-market Conservatives have had plenty of pressure put upon us, not by arguments on the merits of the case for joining but by other means. I believe that by behaving like that, the Conservative Party has harmed the very case that it was trying to make to us”.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In addition to the methods used by whips described by Paxman, pressure could and was put on MPs through their constituency organisation. Even Stevas alludes to this in </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">his report</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“Neil marten for example, is under very strong pressure from his constituents……”.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Officials were also involved in intimidating elected representatives. The European Communities Information Unit (EUIC) </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">memo </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">6th August 1970</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> points to Government sponsored activity (using civil servants) to pressure MPs in their constituencies; <i>“The programme for such speakers should concentrate on constituencies represented by MPs who were doubtful about entry”</i>. How disgraceful.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Stevas provides more anecdotal </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">evidence </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of this in his report. He writes:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“Edward Brown could be persuaded on grounds of loyalty to party; Eric Bullus and John Farr will be influenced by opinions in his constituency; J H Gray does not wish to bring the Government down; Toby Jessel could be persuaded by a leading figure in the party; Geraint Morgan worried about his personal position; Jasper More and J H Sutcliffe could be won over if there is a shift in public opinion; Robin Turton concerned about the continuation of the Conservative Government”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In addition to selective pressures on MPs, the strategic </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">decision </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of Edward Heath, at the eleventh hour, to make the vote a confidence motion, with all that implied for MPs’ careers, would have been a most compelling reason for many to support the motion, regardless of their true sentiments.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">An indicator of the degree of the pressure applied, are the cases of the 19 Conservative MPs, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">classified </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">by the whips as ‘not wanting to go in’, but persuadable.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It must be an indictment of the party system, that all of them, excepting one, lacked the courage to honour their convictions, and resist the pressure, that they voted for entry at the 2nd reading.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Even amongst the 21 Conservative MPs </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">classified </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">as being ‘hard-core unpersuadables’, the whips were able to get two to of them to change their minds and vote for entry, and another 4 to abstain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It was most surprising then, after all this, that the most crucial 2nd reading was only passed by 8 votes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And Harold Wilson, the leader of the opposition, speaking after the vote, rightly rebuked Edward Heath:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“…in breach of his election promise, the Prime Minister has not got the full-hearted consent of the British people. Secondly he has not got the full-hearted consent of Parliament. Thirdly, when he said that he must get this through on Tory votes in a majority, he has not done so”.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European Communities Bill (1972) Second </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Reading</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> – Hansard </span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCvKRho9E088WUIwC7R6pbZF8znibT5_8Y-hslPsL2dBiixxJ1Of6ZpMhx-KyQwRPfl-vUtCKq5-OsDkx2gs1Q-SgQAxHU98DlbNVCBKZyHofAAKgTWdhS3ZzFcFsSu6KA_ZXFTzRoehE/s1600/RUMPUY%252C+Herman+von+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCvKRho9E088WUIwC7R6pbZF8znibT5_8Y-hslPsL2dBiixxJ1Of6ZpMhx-KyQwRPfl-vUtCKq5-OsDkx2gs1Q-SgQAxHU98DlbNVCBKZyHofAAKgTWdhS3ZzFcFsSu6KA_ZXFTzRoehE/s1600/RUMPUY%252C+Herman+von+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Bill received its first reading on </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">28th October 1971</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> even though ‘negotiations’ with the EEC were still in progress. In addition the EEC’s Treaty of Luxembourg had not yet been enacted (it would soon be) yet it would provide major changes to the way the Community operated.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The first reading was to approve the principle of joining (the EEC) and was regarded by MPs as authority for negotiations to be continued by the Government. There was no in-depth debate at this time. This was for the second reading, which took place on the 15th, 16th and 17th February the following year.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The second reading debate was long and bitter and resulted in the close result already described.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Many of the pages (of Hansard) for the 2nd reading can be </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">accessed here</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. The following are some of the more dramatic and poignant speeches of the debate. They stand-alone and do not need amplification or commentary:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Geoffrey Rippon, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, moving the motion, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">assures the House </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">that <i>“…no Parliament can preclude its successors from changing the law”.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Enoch Powell asks </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">why there is any doubt that requires the words: “<i>except as may be provided by any act passed after this act </i>[ECA72]” to be added, in referring to Rippon’s statement that Community law takes precedence. There was never an answer given.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Peter</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shore</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> for the opposition </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">complains </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">that the House had only had access to the Treaties, which the Communities had entered into, one week before.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Peter</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shore</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">that: <i>“The vote of 28th October </i>[1971, 1st reading] <i>was taken long before negotiations were over and long before the 43 volumes </i>[of the Bill]<i>… and long before we saw the Treaties of Accession”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Peter</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shore</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“we are to have imposed upon us a written constitution, a constitution that we did not write or did not even help to write</i>”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Peter</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Shore</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>When the people feel they are being made subject to laws in which they feel they have played no part and taxes to which they have never consented, respect for both law and government is undermined. Our tradition for order and peaceful change is based not only on the character of our own people but on an enduring, if tacit, bargain between Government and governed that the former will play fair and will be scrupulous in how they deal with the people’s rights. But if Governments do not play fair, if they behave in a way people consider to be in itself unconstitutional, there is evidence enough in British history to show we are not a docile people but a very determined and fierce one indeed”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bert Oram </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>I think he will find as this three day debate proceeds that many of us will wish to see it conducted not in the way he suggested, but in a much wider context, particularly in the context of the Government’s whole approach to the Treaty of Accession and its consequences and the way in which the Government has disregarded what we consider to be the proper rights of Parliament to examine the whole question of British entry”.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Peter Hordern </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>That is why I take very seriously my right hon, Friend the Prime Minister’s assurance that no country’s vital interests would be overruled by other members. I rely on this safeguard and in the practice in the Council of Ministers on the unanimity rule”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Geoffrey Rippon </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>I said that there would be no essential surrender of sovereignty, and successive speakers from both sides of the House have agreed that there is no essential surrender of sovereignty”</i>. Compare this with </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">FCO 30/1048 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sovereignty and the European Communities written in 1971 with commentary by Dr Richard North.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nigel Spearing </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>...the idea of Parliamentary government and of democracy is based, as I understand it, on confidence, consent and credibility. People will only do things under the law if they have confidence in the way the law is made”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Douglas Jay </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>The speeches which we have so far heard from the Government Front Bench have seemed to me to be designed not so much to defend as to conceal what the Government are doing to Parliament in this Bill”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Douglas Jay </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>The three other applicant countries are to hold referenda on the question of joining the Community and apparently, rightly in my opinion, the Prime Minister proposes one for </i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Nobody pretends that the Government have any mandate for this Bill from the people or anything approaching full-hearted consent</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Douglas Jay </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“Millions of people in this country will feel as I do, that legislation passed in this way, with no consent, cannot command the assent of the country and would lack moral and constitutional validity”.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Denzil Davies </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“...the Bill provides that a 100 or more treaties – 10 volumes I am told – will also be incorporated into the law of the </i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. No attempt is made even to list them, let alone list them in this Bill”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“The Chancellor of the Duchy of </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Lancaster</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> tells us there are 1500 regulations, 40 volumes of them. There is no mention of the regulations in the Bill, no listing of them.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">None is annexed to the Bill. The reason is obvious. It is to debar us as far as possible from putting down Amendments so that these treaties, regulations and directives can be properly debated and so that the people who will have to obey them in future can know the law that they are obeying”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Neil Marten </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>Then there is the vital matter of the pledge given by the Right hon. Gentleman the Prime Minister during the last election on </i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">June 2nd, 1970</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and in </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Paris</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> before then, about not joining the Common Market without the full-hearted consent of Parliament and the people”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Neil Marten </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>…But if we proceed on a small majority, the important election pledge given by the Prime Minister on behalf of our Party will have been broken”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Neil Marten </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “…. <i>the public will regard politicians rightly with utmost contempt and I am not prepared to condone that”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Neil Marten </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“We anti-market Conservatives have had plenty of pressure put upon us, not by arguments on the merits of the case for joining but by other means. I believe that by behaving like that, the Conservative Party has harmed the very case that it was trying to make to us”</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">James Prior </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>I believe the agriculture industry of this country is not only broadly in favour of joining but recognises very well that it has a great opportunity by doing so”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Harold Wilson </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>We may have these doubts about our ability to pay these bills because of the crippling burden imposed on our balance of payments by the terms negotiated”</i>. Note that the economy went into serious decline following entry, resulting in Heath’s 3-day week (due to miner’s strike and resulting power shortages).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Heath then called a general election on ‘who runs </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">?’ (meaning the unions or the Government). Ironically, he might well have asked: ‘who runs </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">? – the British Government or </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Harold Wilson </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>…. There has been virtually no consideration </i>[talking of pro- Market newspapers] <i>in these papers of the rights of Parliament, of the vast constitutional implications…”</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Harold Wilson </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“In our judicial system, evolved over centuries, the judge does not get involved in a case himself so much as listen to council for and against and then decided independently. That system is to be assimilated much more closely to the French system of law, where the judges are advocates for both sides, are examining juries, and at the end of the day pronounce judgement”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Enoch Powell </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: <i>“Let us wrap it up, so that what we are talking about is the full-hearted consent of the House of Commons. There was a debate in October – a debate which did not deal with a precise proposition such as this – when the House decided affirmatively by a vote of seven twelfths in favour. In no country with a written constitution, in none of the other countries which are participating in this operation with the </i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, would such a proportion justify the major step which is involved in joining the Community. All of them have safeguards which require a much more generous margin even than that on which the House voted on 28th October”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Alfred Morris </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>…It is suggested that the Prime Minister may say tonight that he will resign if he is unable to carry this Bill. His reason for saying this would be that his European commitments are crucial to his policies as a whole. If he had said that at the General Election, he would have been the vanquished, not the victor. He would not have been the Prime Minister today”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Edward Heath, The Prime Minister </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: “<i>Therefore if this House will not agree to a second reading of the Bill tonight……my colleagues and I are unanimous that in these circumstances this Parliament cannot sensibly continue”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The motion was </span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">passed </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">by 309 votes to 301 votes </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Harold Wilson, Leader of the Opposition </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stated </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">after the result of the vote was announced: “<i>…in breach of his election promise, the Prime Minister has not got the full hearted consent of the British people. Secondly he has not got the full-hearted consent of Parliament. Thirdly, when he said that he must get this through on Tory votes in a majority, he has not done so”.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Questions then…</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx3R0RBCn8ESBDHrUdGduZhrQnAA7Gs_j_4tCz8J4WNK2x4VLSTuaAlKR14a5Zf-Km0dJB9ynb-FpYe_4rugiRMfsf-2QwqDYABA4auJ4oG9dcX6QtLsAOlfuLd1zqxZNres33L9dwyf0/s1600/eu-burning-flag-290.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx3R0RBCn8ESBDHrUdGduZhrQnAA7Gs_j_4tCz8J4WNK2x4VLSTuaAlKR14a5Zf-Km0dJB9ynb-FpYe_4rugiRMfsf-2QwqDYABA4auJ4oG9dcX6QtLsAOlfuLd1zqxZNres33L9dwyf0/s1600/eu-burning-flag-290.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The pages of this document reveal detailed information of the Heath Government’s campaign of the early 1970s, which took us into the, then, Common Market. The information revealed gives the <i>full </i>story of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s entry to the Common Market, for the first time.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Readers should be asking themselves whether Parliament gave birth to a bastard in 1972. Was it really in the best interests of Britons to have a foreign order imposed on us? Was our entry, in the context of moral legitimacy and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s Constitution of the time, illegitimate? Were Parliament and its elected representatives, subjected to undue pressures, (in some instances intense pressures) and to a subversive campaign, performing the role of reluctant midwife?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Did Parliament in 1972, and subsequently, by its action of handing over Parliamentary powers (the Conservative MEP Nirj Deva has estimated, in 2004, that 65% of our laws are made in Brussels, some put the figure higher) to the unelected and unaccountable Brussels’ bureaucracy, put its own legitimacy in doubt?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Hugh Fraser MP, speaking in the third reading of the EC Bill on 13th July 1972, foresaw the alienation from the electoral process that we see today and the desperation of Government who can do nothing about it (notwithstanding postal voting), without repatriating powers from Brussels, when he said:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“The history of Parliament over a thousand years has been the way in which the people of this country have been able to participate in the exercise of power. This has taken a thousand years to bring about”.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“But I believe that it is certain that by going into Europe we shall see not something which is alien but a true alienation of the British people from the Government and the control of their own interests. That worries me greatly”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Finally, we return to the opening quotation by the MP, Douglas Jay, that our membership of the EU (or EEC as it then was): “….<i>lack</i>[s] <i>moral and constitutional validity”</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">These pages have provided the evidence for the reader to consider his answers to these vital questions, vital because it affects our present-day attitudes to our membership of the European Union. Each must come to their conclusion and decided whether there is something to be done about it.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This account, has been of necessity, a short resume of the historical documentation from which it is drawn. Those readers seeking a deeper insight into the dreadful shenanigans of the Heath Government of the early 1970s can gain full access to the documentation by </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">clicking here</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And this account leaves the reader with one final thought: Is it conceivable that the people of this country and our elected representatives would have had any truck with entry to the EEC if they had been aware of the double dealings that were routinely occurring in the period leading up to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s entry in 1973? </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Appendices</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Historical Background</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It has been considered worthwhile providing, with this expose, reference to, what is undoubtedly the most comprehensive history of the European integration process, from the earliest times (just after the First World War) right up to the present. It helps with the understanding of the ‘greater picture’ leading up to the events in the early 1970s which took </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> into the EEC. Chris Booker and Richard North have published the book: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘The Great Deception’ – ‘The Secret History of the European Union’</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The book was first published by Continuum on </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">19th November 2003</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and will appear in paperback in the spring of 2005.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Aftermath – The Unseen Takeover</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Click </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">above to view Dr Peter Gardner’s assessment.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European Communities Act 1972</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">From Memorandum to: Opinion Formers, October 2004 by Lord Pearson of Rannoch:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘I have space to expose only one proof of this terrible deception, by quoting a filleted extract of Sections 2 and 3 of the European Communities Act 1972, which is the Act which took us into what was then the European Common Market. It goes as follows:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“All such rights, powers, liabilities obligations and restrictions from time to time created or arising by or under the Treaties ... are without further enactment to be given legal effect ... and be enforced, allowed and followed accordingly”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">”Subject to Schedule 2 to this Act, at any time after its passing Her Majesty may by Order in Council, and any designated Minister or department may by regulations, make provision ... for the purpose of implementing any Community obligation of the United Kingdom”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Section 3 reads as follows:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“For the purposes of all legal proceedings, any question as to the meaning or effect of any of the Treaties, or as to the validity, meaning or effect of any Community instrument, shall be treated as a question of law (and, if not referred to the European Court, be for determination as such in accordance with the principles laid down by and any relevant decision of the European Court)”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Articles 226-229 of the Treaty Establishing the European Communities (TEC) give the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Luxembourg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> ‘Court’ the right to impose unlimited fines if we don’t obey everything agreed in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Brussels</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Yet Edward Heath had the nerve to promise that “no loss of essential sovereignty” was involved in the passing of the 1972 Act. Harold Wilson said the same thing during the 1975 Referendum campaign. Both Prime Ministers pretended we had merely joined a Common Market. I fear Margaret Thatcher was deceived as to the way the Single European Act of 1986 would be used, which created the system of Qualified Majority Voting. She bitterly regrets it today, as I expect you know. John Major then misled us about the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, and Tony Blair misled us over the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997 and the Nice Treaty of 2002. It has always been essential to keep the true nature of the Project from the British people. They have to be slowly sucked into the embrace of the corrupt octopus, until it is too late to escape.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">That is the very essence of the Project, and I hope you will agree it is working pretty well.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Anti-Common Market League leaflet</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Click </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to view their campaigning leaflet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Books:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘Gold Warriors’ by </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sterling</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and Peggy Seagrave</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The covert history of Yamashita’s gold. The book describes: “how Washington [CIA] secretly recovered it to set up giant cold war slush funds and manipulate foreign governments”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Available at Amazon.com - Bowstring.net and Barnes&Noble.com </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘The Hidden Hand’ by Professor Richard Aldridge</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">First published in 2001 by John Murray.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Some extracts:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘The most remarkable </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">US</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> covert operation was vast secret funding of the European Movement’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘This covert contribution never formed less than half the European Movement’s budget and, after 1952 it was probably two thirds’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘The conduit for American assistance was the American Committee on United Europe (ACUE) ‘The CIA funding operation through ACUE tells us a lot about the nature of American intervention in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Western Europe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘…….Strikingly, the same small band of senior officials, many of them from the Western intelligence community, were central in supporting the three most important ‘insider’ groups emerging in the 1950s: the European Movement, the Bilderberg group and Jean Monnet’s Action Committee for a United States of Europe’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘The origins of CIA covert funding for European federalists may be traced back to the little-known figure of Count Coudenhove-Kalergi’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There is a wealth of information in this book to interest those curious about how we ‘got to here from there’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">’s Secret Propaganda War’ by Paul Lashmar and James Oliver</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Published by Sutton Publishing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Read particularly:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Chapter. 2 of this book ‘Lies and Treachery: the origins of IRD’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Chapter. 9: ‘Agencies of Change: the News Agency Network’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Chapter. 16: ‘Indian Summer: IRD and the EEC’</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Quote: </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘Starting in November 1970, the meetings of the European Movement’s campaign group were held in its offices in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Chandos House</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Victoria</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, and were also attended by a representative of the Foreign Office. The presence of this civil servant was deemed sensitive enough to have it omitted from the minutes and deleted by means of an erratum slip when it was once included by mistake’.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">List of Names in order of mention</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">RETURN TO BEGINNING</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">CLICK HERE FOR FULL ACCESS TO SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">WE REGRET:</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The LINKS in This Document no longer function correctly</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div><br />
Regards,<br />
Greg L-W. <b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b><br />
<b> </b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
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<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers. <br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=3fcd8847-d4dc-4f45-9479-ecf154113e46" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-69315806027276274492011-03-19T21:21:00.000+00:002011-03-19T21:21:44.051+00:00#GD033* - CIVIL CONTINGENCIES BILL<span style="font-size: small;">#GD033* - CIVIL CONTINGENCIES BILL</span><br />
<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Bill 14 53/3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Contingencies_Act_2004" rel="wikipedia" title="Civil Contingencies Act 2004">Civil Contingencies Bill</a></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">EXPLANATORY NOTES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Explanatory notes to the Bill, prepared by the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.5036111111,-0.126666666667&spn=0.01,0.01&q=51.5036111111,-0.126666666667%20%28Cabinet%20Office%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a>, are published separately as </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bill 14—EN.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" rel="wikipedia" title="European Convention on Human Rights">EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.douglasalexander.labour.co.uk/" rel="homepage" title="Douglas Alexander">Douglas Alexander</a> has made the following statement under section 19(1)(a) of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" rel="wikipedia" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In my view the provisions of the Civil Contingencies Bill are compatible with the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Convention rights.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bill 14 53/3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">CONTENTS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 1</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=47.3919444444,8.52694444444&spn=0.01,0.01&q=47.3919444444,8.52694444444%20%28Civil%20defense%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="Civil defense">CIVIL PROTECTION</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Introductory</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1 Meaning of “emergency”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_plan" rel="wikipedia" title="Contingency plan">Contingency planning</a></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2 Duty to assess, plan and advise</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3 Section 2: supplemental</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">4 Advice and assistance to business</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5 General measures</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">6 Disclosure of information</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">General</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7 Urgency</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">8 Urgency: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=55.95,-3.2&spn=10.0,10.0&q=55.95,-3.2%20%28Scotland%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">9 Monitoring by Government</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10 Enforcement</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">11 Enforcement: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">12 Provision of information</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">13 Amendment of lists of responders</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: consultation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15 National Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">16 Regulations and orders</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">17 Interpretation, &c.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 2</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency" rel="wikipedia" title="State of emergency">EMERGENCY POWERS</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">18 Meaning of “emergency”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">iv</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">19 Power to make emergency regulations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20 Conditions for making emergency regulations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">21 Scope of emergency regulations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">22 Limitations of emergency regulations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">23 Regional and Emergency Coordinators</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24 Establishment of tribunal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25 Duration</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">26 Parliamentary scrutiny</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">27 Parliamentary scrutiny: prorogation and adjournment</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">28 Consultation with devolved administrations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">29 Procedure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30 Interpretation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 3</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">GENERAL</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">31 Minor and consequential amendments and repeals</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">32 Money</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">33 Commencement</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">34 Extent</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35 Short title</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1 — Category 1 and 2 Responders</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Category 1 Responders: General</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Category 1 Responders: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 3 — Category 2 Responders: General</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 4 — Category 2 Responders: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 2 — Minor and Consequential Amendments and Repeals</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Amendments and Repeals Consequential on Part 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Amendments and Repeals Consequential on Part 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 3 — Minor Amendments</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 3 — Repeals and Revocations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bill 14 53/3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 30pt;">B I L L</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">TO: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Make provision about civil contingencies.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">E IT ENACTED by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 1</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR CIVIL PROTECTION</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Introductory</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1 Meaning of “emergency”</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) In this Part “emergency” means an event or situation which threatens serious</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">damage to—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) human welfare in a place in the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the environment of a place in the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) the security of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> or of a place in the United</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kingdom.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(a) an event or situation threatens damage to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">human welfare only if it involves, causes or may cause—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) loss of human life,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) human illness or injury,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) homelessness,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) damage to property,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) disruption of a supply of money, food, water, energy or fuel,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) disruption of an electronic or other system of communication,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(g) disruption of facilities for transport, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(h) disruption of services relating to health.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) an event or situation threatens damage to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the environment only if it involves, causes or may cause—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 36pt;">B</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) contamination of land, water or air with—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) harmful biological, chemical or radio-active matter, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) oil,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) flooding, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) disruption or destruction of plant life or animal life.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) For the purposes of subsection (1)(c) the following threaten damage to security—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) war or armed conflict, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) terrorism, within the meaning given by section 1 of the Terrorism Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2000 (c. 11).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) A Minister of the Crown, or, in relation to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, the Scottish Ministers, may by order—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) provide that a specified event or situation, or class of event or situation,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">is to be treated as falling, or as not falling, within any of paragraphs </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) to (c) of subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) amend subsection (2) so as to provide that involving or causing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">disruption of a specified supply, system, facility or service—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) is to be treated as threatening damage to human welfare, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) is no longer to be treated as threatening damage to human</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">welfare.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) The event or situation mentioned in subsection (1) may occur or be inside or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">outside the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Contingency planning</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2 Duty to assess, plan and advise</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A person or body listed in Part 1 or 2 of Schedule 1 shall—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) from time to time assess the risk of an emergency occurring,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) from time to time assess the risk of an emergency making it necessary</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or expedient for the person or body to perform any of his or its</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">functions,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) maintain plans for the purpose of ensuring, so far as is reasonably</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">practicable, that if an emergency occurs the person or body is able to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">continue to perform his or its functions,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) maintain plans for the purpose of ensuring that if an emergency occurs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or is likely to occur the person or body is able to perform his or its</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">functions so far as necessary or desirable for the purpose of—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) preventing the emergency,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) reducing, controlling or mitigating its effects, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(iii) taking other action in connection with it,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) consider whether an assessment carried out under paragraph (a) or (b)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">makes it necessary or expedient for the person or body to add to or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">modify plans maintained under paragraph (c) or (d),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) arrange for the publication of all or part of assessments made and plans</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">maintained under paragraphs (a) to (d) in so far as publication is</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">necessary or desirable for the purpose of—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) preventing an emergency,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">45</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) reducing, controlling or mitigating the effects of an emergency,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(iii) enabling other action to be taken in connection with an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">emergency, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(g) maintain arrangements to warn the public, and to provide information</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">and advice to the public, if an emergency is likely to occur or has occurred.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In relation to a person or body listed in Part 1 or 2 of Schedule 1 a duty in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">subsection (1) applies in relation to an emergency only if—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the emergency would be likely seriously to obstruct the person or body</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">in the performance of his or its functions, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) it is likely that the person or body—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) would consider it necessary or desirable to take action to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">prevent the emergency, to reduce, control or mitigate its effects</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or otherwise in connection with it, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) would be unable to take that action without changing the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">deployment of resources or acquiring additional resources.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) A Minister of the Crown may, in relation to a person or body listed in Part 1 of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1, make regulations about—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the extent of a duty under subsection (1) (subject to subsection (2));</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the manner in which a duty under subsection (1) is to be performed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) The Scottish Ministers may, in relation to a person or body listed in Part 2 of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1, make regulations about—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the extent of a duty under subsection (1) (subject to subsection (2));</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the manner in which a duty under subsection (1) is to be performed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) Regulations under subsection (3) may, in particular—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) make provision about the kind of emergency in relation to which a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">specified person or body is or is not to perform a duty under subsection</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) permit or require a person or body not to perform a duty under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">subsection (1) in specified circumstances or in relation to specified</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">matters;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) make provision as to the timing of performance of a duty under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) require a person or body to consult a specified person or body or class</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of person or body before or in the course of performing a duty under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) permit or require a county council to perform a duty under subsection</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) on behalf of a district council within the area of the county council;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) permit, require or prohibit collaboration, to such extent and in such</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">manner as may be specified, by persons or bodies in the performance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of a duty under subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(g) permit, require or prohibit delegation, to such extent and in such</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">manner as may be specified, of the performance of a duty under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(h) permit or require a person or body listed in Part 1 or 3 of Schedule 1 to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">co-operate, to such extent and in such manner as may be specified, with</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">a person or body listed in Part 1 of the Schedule in connection with the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">performance of a duty under subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">45</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) require a person or body listed in Part 1 or 3 of Schedule 1 to provide</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">information, either on request or in other specified circumstances, to a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">person or body listed in Part 1 of the Schedule in connection with the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">performance of a duty under subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(j) permit or require a person or body to perform (wholly or partly) a duty</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">under subsection (1)(a) or (b) having regard to, or by adopting or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">relying on, work undertaken by another specified person or body;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(k) make provision about the extent of, and the degree of detail to be</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">contained in, a plan maintained under subsection (1)(c) or (d);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(l) require a plan to include provision for the carrying out of exercises;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(m) require a plan to include provision for the training of staff or other persons;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(n) permit a person or body to make arrangements with another person or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">body, as part of planning undertaken under subsection (1)(c) or (d), for</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the performance of a function on behalf of the first person or body;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(o) confer a function on a Minister of the Crown, on the Scottish Ministers,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">on the National Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, on a </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> department</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or on any other specified person or body (and a function conferred</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">may, in particular, be a power or duty to exercise a discretion);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(p) make provision which has effect despite other provision made by or by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">virtue of an enactment;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(q) make provision which applies generally or only to a specified person or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">body or only in specified circumstances;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(r) make different provision for different persons or bodies or for different</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">circumstances.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) Subsection (5) shall have effect in relation to subsection (4) as it has effect in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">relation to subsection (3), but as if—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) paragraph (e) were omitted,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) in paragraphs (h) and (i)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) a reference to Part 1 or 3 of Schedule 1 were a reference to Part</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2 or 4 of that Schedule, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) a reference to Part 1 of that Schedule were a reference to Part 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of that Schedule, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) in paragraph (o) the references to a Minister of the Crown, to the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">National Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and to a </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> department</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">were omitted.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3 Section </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2: supplemental</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A Minister of the Crown may issue guidance to a person or body listed in Part</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1 or 3 of Schedule 1 about the matters specified in section 2(3) and (5).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The Scottish Ministers may issue guidance to a person or body listed in Part 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or 4 of Schedule 1 about the matters specified in section 2(3) and (5) (as applied</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">by section 2(6)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) A person or body listed in any Part of Schedule 1 shall—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) comply with regulations under section 2(3) or (4), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) have regard to guidance under subsection (1) or (2) above.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) A person or body listed in Part 1 or 2 of Schedule 1 may be referred to as a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“Category 1 responder”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">45</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) A person or body listed in Part 3 or 4 of Schedule 1 may be referred to as a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“Category 2 responder”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">4 Advice and assistance to business</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A body specified in paragraph 1, 2 or 13 of Schedule 1 shall provide advice and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">assistance to the public in connection with the making of arrangements for the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">continuance of commercial activities by the public in the event of an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">emergency.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) A Minister of the Crown may, in relation to a body specified in paragraph 1 or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2 of that Schedule, make regulations about—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the extent of the duty under subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the manner in which the duty under subsection (1) is to be performed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) The Scottish Ministers may, in relation to a body specified in paragraph 13 of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">that Schedule, make regulations about—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the extent of the duty under subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the manner in which the duty under subsection (1) is to be performed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) Regulations under subsection (2) or (3) may, in particular—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) permit a body to make a charge for advice or assistance provided on</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">request under subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) make provision of a kind permitted to be made by regulations under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">section 2(5)(a) to (i) and (n) to (r).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) Regulations by virtue of subsection (4)(a) must provide that a charge for advice</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or assistance may not exceed the aggregate of—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the direct costs of providing the advice or assistance, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a reasonable share of any costs indirectly related to the provision of the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">advice or assistance.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) A Minister of the Crown may issue guidance to a body specified in paragraph</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1 or 2 of that Schedule about the matters specified in subsections (2) and (4).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(7) The Scottish Ministers may issue guidance to a body specified in paragraph 13</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of that Schedule about the matters specified in subsections (3) and (4).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(8) A body shall—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) comply with regulations under subsection (2) or (3), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) have regard to guidance under subsection (6) or (7).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5 General measures</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A Minister of the Crown may by order require a person or body listed in Part</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1 of Schedule 1 to perform a function of that person or body for the purpose of—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) preventing the occurrence of an emergency,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) reducing, controlling or mitigating the effects of an emergency, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) taking other action in connection with an emergency.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The Scottish Ministers may by order require a person or body listed in Part 2 of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1 to perform a function of that person or body for the purpose of—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) preventing the occurrence of an emergency,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) reducing, controlling or mitigating the effects of an emergency, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) taking other action in connection with an emergency.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) A person or body shall comply with an order under this section.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) An order under subsection (1) may—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) require a person or body to consult a specified person or body or class</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of person or body;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) permit, require or prohibit collaboration, to such extent and in such</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">manner as may be specified;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) permit, require or prohibit delegation, to such extent and in such</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">manner as may be specified;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) permit or require a person or body listed in Part 1 or 3 of Schedule 1 to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">co-operate, to such extent and in such manner as may be specified, with</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">a person or body listed in Part 1 of the Schedule in connection with a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">duty under the order;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) permit or require a person or body listed in Part 1 or 3 of Schedule 1 to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">provide information in connection with a duty under the order,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">whether on request or in other specific circumstances to a person or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">body listed in Part 1 of the Schedule;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) confer a function on a Minister of the Crown, on the Scottish Ministers,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">on the National Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, on a </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> department</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or on any other specified person or body (and a function conferred</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">may, in particular, be a power or duty to exercise a discretion);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(g) make provision which applies generally or only to a specified person or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">body or only in specified circumstances;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(h) make different provision for different persons or bodies or for different</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">circumstances.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) Subsection (4) shall have effect in relation to subsection (2) as it has effect in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">relation to subsection (1), but as if—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) in paragraphs (d) and (e)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) a reference to Part 1 or 3 of Schedule 1 were a reference to Part</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2 or 4 of that Schedule, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) a reference to Part 1 of that Schedule were a reference to Part 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of that Schedule, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) in paragraph (f) the references to a Minister of the Crown, to the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">National Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and to a </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> department</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">were omitted.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">6 Disclosure of information</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A Minister of the Crown may make regulations requiring or permitting one</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">person or body listed in Part 1 or 3 of Schedule 1 (“the provider”) to disclose</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">information on request to another person or body listed in Part 1 or 3 of that</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule (“the recipient”).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The Scottish Ministers may make regulations requiring or permitting one</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">person or body listed in Part 2 or 4 of Schedule 1 (“the provider”) to disclose</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">information on request to another person or body listed in Part 2 or 4 of that</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule (“the recipient”).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">45</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) Regulations under subsection (1) or (2) may be made only in connection with a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">function of the provider or of the recipient which relates to emergencies.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) A Minister of the Crown may issue guidance to a person or body about the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">performance of functions under regulations made under subsection (1).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) The Scottish Ministers may issue guidance to a person or body about the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">performance of functions under regulations made under subsection (2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) A person or body shall—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) comply with regulations under subsection (1) or (2), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) have regard to guidance under subsection (4) or (5).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">General</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7 Urgency</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) This section applies where a Minister of the Crown thinks that—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) there is an urgent need to make provision of a kind that could be made</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">by regulations under section 2(3), 4(2) or 6(1) or by an order under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">section 5(1), but</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) there is insufficient time for the regulations or order to be made.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The Minister may by direction make provision of a kind that could be made by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations under section 2(3), 4(2) or 6(1) or by an order under section 5(1).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) A direction under subsection (2) may be written or oral.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) Where a Minister gives a direction under subsection (2)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) he may revoke or vary the direction by further direction,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) he shall revoke the direction as soon as is reasonably practicable (and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">he may, if or in so far as he thinks it desirable, re-enact the substance of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the direction by way of regulations under section 2(3), 4(2) or 6(1) or by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">way of an order under section 5(1)), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) the direction shall cease to have effect at the end of the period of 21 days</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">beginning with the day on which it is given (but without prejudice to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the power to give a new direction).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) Where a Minister gives an oral direction (or further direction) under this</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">section he shall confirm it in writing as soon as is reasonably practicable.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) A provision of a direction under subsection (2) shall be treated for all purposes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">as if it were a provision of regulations under section 2(3), 4(2) or 6(1) or of an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">order under section 5(1).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">8 Urgency: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) This section applies where the Scottish Ministers think that—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) there is an urgent need to make provision of a kind that could be made</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">by regulations under section 2(4), 4(3) or 6(2) or by an order under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">section 5(2), but</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) there is insufficient time for the regulations or order to be made.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The Scottish Ministers may by direction make provision of a kind that could be</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">made by regulations under section 2(4), 4(3) or 6(2) or by an order under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">section 5(2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) A direction under subsection (2) may be written or oral.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) Where the Scottish Ministers give a direction under subsection (2)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) they may revoke or vary the direction by further direction,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) they shall revoke the direction as soon as is reasonably practicable (and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">they may, if or in so far as they think it desirable, re-enact the substance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of the direction by way of regulations under section 2(4), 4(3) or 6(2) or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">by way of an order under section 5(2)), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) the direction shall cease to have effect at the end of the period of 21 days</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">beginning with the day on which it is given (but without prejudice to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the power to give a new direction).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) Where the Scottish Ministers give an oral direction (or further direction) under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">this section they shall confirm it in writing as soon as is reasonably practicable.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) A provision of a direction under subsection (2) shall be treated for all purposes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">as if it were a provision of regulations under section 2(4), 4(3) or 6(2) or of an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">order under section 5(2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">9 Monitoring by Government</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A Minister of the Crown may require a person or body listed in Part 1 or 3 of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) to provide information about action taken by the person or body for the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">purpose of complying with a duty under this Part, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) to explain why the person or body has not taken action for the purpose</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of complying with a duty under this Part.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The Scottish Ministers may require a person or body listed in Part 2 or 4 of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) to provide information about action taken by the person or body for the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">purpose of complying with a duty under this Part, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) to explain why the person or body has not taken action for the purpose</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of complying with a duty under this Part.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) A requirement under subsection (1) or (2) may specify—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a period within which the information or explanation is to be provided;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the form in which the information or explanation is to be provided.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) A person or body shall comply with a requirement under subsection (1) or (2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10 Enforcement</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Any of the following may bring proceedings in the High Court or the Court of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Session in respect of a failure by a person or body listed in Part 1 or 3 of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1 to comply with section 2(1), 3(3), 4(1) or (8), 5(3), 6(6) or 9(4)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a Minister of the Crown,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a person or body listed in Part 1 of Schedule 1, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) a person or body listed in Part 3 of Schedule 1.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In proceedings under subsection (1) the High Court or the Court of Session</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">may grant any relief, or make any order, that it thinks appropriate.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">9</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">11 Enforcement: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Any of the following may bring proceedings in the Court of Session in respect</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of a failure by a person or body listed in Part 2 or 4 of Schedule 1 to comply with</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">section 2(1), 3(3), 4(1) or (8), 5(3), 6(6) or 9(4)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the Scottish Ministers,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a person or body listed in Part 2 of Schedule 1, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) a person or body listed in Part 4 of Schedule 1.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In proceedings under subsection (1) the Court of Session may grant any</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">remedy, or make any order, that it thinks appropriate.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">12 Provision of information</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Regulations of the kind described in section 2(5)(i) or 6(1) or (2), or an order</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">under section 5(4)(e), may, in particular, include provision about—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) timing;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the form in which information is provided;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) the use to which information may be put;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) storage of information;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) disposal of information.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">13 Amendment of lists of responders</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A Minister of the Crown may by order amend Schedule 1 so as to—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) add an entry to Part 1 or 3;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) remove an entry from Part 1 or 3;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) move an entry from Part 1 to Part 3 or vice versa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The Scottish Ministers may by order amend Schedule 1 so as to—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) add an entry to Part 2 or 4;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) remove an entry from Part 2 or 4;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) move an entry from Part 2 to Part 4 or vice versa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) An order under subsection (1) or (2)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) may add, remove or move an entry either generally or only in relation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to specified functions of a person or body, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) may make incidental, transitional or consequential provision (which</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">may include provision amending this Act or another enactment).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">14 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: consultation</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A Minister of the Crown shall consult the Scottish Ministers before making</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations or an order under this Part in relation to a person or body if or in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">so far as the person or body—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) is listed in Part 1 or 3 of Schedule 1, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) exercises functions in relation to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The Scottish Ministers shall consult a Minister of the Crown before making</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations under this Part in relation to a person or body specified in a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">provision of Part 4 of Schedule 1 other than paragraph 32 or 38.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15 National Assembly for </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A Minister of the Crown shall consult the National Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">before—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) making regulations under section 2(3), 4(2) or 6(1) which relate wholly</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or partly to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) issuing guidance under section 3(1), 4(6) or 6(4) which relates wholly or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">partly to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) giving an order under section 5(1) which relates wholly or partly to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) giving a direction under section 7(2) which makes provision relating</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">wholly or partly to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> of a kind that could be made by regulations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">under section 2(3), 4(2) or 6(1),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) giving a direction under section 7(2) which makes provision relating</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">wholly or partly to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> of a kind that could be made by an order</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">under section 5(1),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) bringing proceedings under section 10 in respect of a failure by a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">person or body where the failure relates wholly or partly to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(g) making an order under section 13(1) in respect of a person or body</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">with, or in so far as the person or body has, functions in relation to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) A Minister of the Crown may not without the consent of the National</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> take action of a kind specified in subsection (3) that relates</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">wholly or partly to a person or body specified in subsection (4).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) The actions referred to in subsection (2) are—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) making regulations under section 2(3), 4(2) or 6(1),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) making an order under section 5(1),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) issuing guidance under section 3(1), 4(6) or 6(4),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) giving a direction under section 7,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) bringing proceedings under section 10, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) making an order under section 13.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) The persons and bodies referred to in subsection (2) are—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a council specified in paragraph 2 of Schedule 1, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a person or body specified in paragraph 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 21 of that</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule, if and in so far as the person or body has functions in relation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">16 Regulations and orders</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Regulations and orders under this Part shall be made by statutory instrument.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) An order under section 1(5), 5(1) or 13(1) may not be made by a Minister of the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Crown unless a draft has been laid before and approved by resolution of each</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">House of Parliament.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) An order under section 1(5), 5(2) or 13(2) may not be made by the Scottish</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ministers unless a draft has been laid before and approved by resolution of the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scottish Parliament.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) Regulations made by a Minister of the Crown under this Part shall be subject</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">45</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Local Arrangements for Civil Protection</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">11</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) Regulations made by the Scottish Ministers under this Part shall be subject to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">annulment in pursuance of a resolution of the Scottish Parliament.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) Regulations or an order under this Part—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) may make provision which applies generally or only in specified</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">circumstances or for a specified purpose,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) may make different provision for different circumstances or purposes,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) may make incidental, consequential or transitional provision.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">17 Interpretation, &c.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) In this Part—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“enactment” includes—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) an Act of the Scottish Parliament,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> legislation, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) an instrument made under an Act of the Scottish Parliament or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">under </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> legislation (as well as an instrument</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">made under an Act), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“function” means any power or duty whether conferred by virtue of an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">enactment or otherwise.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In this Part a reference to the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> includes a reference to the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">territorial sea of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) Except in a case of contradiction, nothing in or done under this Part shall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">impliedly repeal or revoke a provision of or made under another enactment.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 2</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">EMERGENCY POWERS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">18 Meaning of “emergency”</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) In this Part “emergency” means an event or situation which threatens serious</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">damage to—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) human welfare in the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> or in a Part or region,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the environment of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> or of a Part or region, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) the security of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> or a Part or region.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(a) an event or situation threatens damage to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">human welfare only if it involves, causes or may cause—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) loss of human life,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) human illness or injury,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) homelessness,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) damage to property,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) disruption of a supply of money, food, water, energy or fuel,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) disruption of an electronic or other system of communication,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(g) disruption of facilities for transport, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(h) disruption of services relating to health.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) an event or situation threatens damage to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the environment only if it involves, causes or may cause—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Emergency powers</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">12</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) contamination of land, water or air with—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) harmful biological, chemical or radio-active matter, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) oil,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) flooding, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) disruption or destruction of plant life or animal life.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) For the purposes of subsection (1)(c) the following threaten damage to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">security—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) war or armed conflict, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) terrorism, within the meaning given by section 1 of the Terrorism Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2000 (c. 11).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) The Secretary of State may by order—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) provide that a specified event or situation, or class of event or situation,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">is to be treated as falling, or as not falling, within any of paragraphs (a)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to (c) of subsection (1);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) amend subsection (2) so as to provide that involving or causing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">disruption of a specified supply, system, facility or service—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) is to be treated as threatening damage to human welfare, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) is no longer to be treated as threatening damage to human</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">welfare.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) An order under subsection (5)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) may make consequential amendment of this Part, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) may not be made unless a draft has been laid before, and approved by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">resolution of, each House of Parliament.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(7) The event or situation mentioned in subsection (1) may occur or be inside or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">outside the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">19 Power to make emergency regulations</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Her Majesty may by Order in Council make emergency regulations if satisfied</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">that the conditions in section 20 are satisfied.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) A senior Minister of the Crown may make emergency regulations if satisfied—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) that the conditions in section 20 are satisfied, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) that it would not be possible, without serious delay, to arrange for an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Order in Council under subsection (1).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) In this Part “senior Minister of the Crown” means—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the First Lord of the Treasury (the Prime Minister),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) any of Her Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) the Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) In this Part “serious delay” means a delay that might—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) cause serious damage, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) seriously obstruct the prevention, control or mitigation of serious</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">damage.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) Regulations under this section must be prefaced by a statement by the person</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">making the regulations—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) specifying the nature of the emergency in respect of which the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations are made, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Emergency powers</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">13</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) declaring that the person making the regulations—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) is satisfied that the conditions in section 20 are met,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) is satisfied that the regulations contain only provision which is</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for the purpose of preventing, controlling or mitigating an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">aspect or effect of the emergency in respect of which the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations are made,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(iii) is satisfied that the effect of the regulations is in due proportion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to that aspect or effect of the emergency, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(iv) in the case of regulations made under subsection (2), is satisfied</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">as to the matter specified in subsection (2)(b).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20 Conditions for making emergency regulations</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) This section specifies the conditions mentioned in section 19.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The first condition is that an emergency has occurred, is occurring or is about</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to occur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) The second condition is that it is necessary to make provision for the purpose</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of preventing, controlling or mitigating an aspect or effect of the emergency.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) The third condition is that the need for provision referred to in subsection (3)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">is urgent.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) For the purpose of subsection (3) provision which is the same as an enactment</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(“the existing legislation”) is necessary if, in particular—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the existing legislation cannot be relied upon without the risk of serious</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">delay,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) it is not possible without the risk of serious delay to ascertain whether</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the existing legislation can be relied upon, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) the existing legislation might be insufficiently effective.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) For the purpose of subsection (3) provision which could be made under an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">enactment other than section 19 (“the existing legislation”) is necessary if, in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">particular—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the provision cannot be made under the existing legislation without the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">risk of serious delay,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) it is not possible without the risk of serious delay to ascertain whether</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the provision can be made under the existing legislation, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) the provision might be insufficiently effective if made under the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">existing legislation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">21 Scope of emergency regulations</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Emergency regulations may make any provision which the person making the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations thinks is for the purpose of preventing, controlling or mitigating an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">aspect or effect of the emergency in respect of which the regulations are made.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In particular, emergency regulations may make any provision which the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">person making the regulations thinks is for the purpose of—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) protecting human life, health or safety,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) treating human illness or injury,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) protecting or restoring property,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) protecting or restoring a supply of money, food, water, energy or fuel,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Emergency powers</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">14</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) protecting or restoring an electronic or other system of communication,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) protecting or restoring facilities for transport,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(g) protecting or restoring the provision of services relating to health,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(h) protecting or restoring the activities of banks or other financial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">institutions,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) preventing, containing or reducing the contamination of land, water or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">air,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(j) preventing, or mitigating the effects of, flooding,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(k) preventing, reducing or mitigating the effects of disruption or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">destruction of plant life or animal life,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(l) protecting or restoring activities of Her Majesty’s Government,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(m) protecting or restoring activities of Parliament, of the Scottish</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Parliament, of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Assembly or of the National</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(n) protecting or restoring the performance of public functions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) Emergency regulations may make provision of any kind that could be made by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Act of Parliament or by the exercise of the Royal Prerogative; in particular,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations may—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) confer a function on a Minister of the Crown, on the Scottish Ministers,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">on the National Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, on a </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">department, on a coordinator appointed under section 23 or on any</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">other specified person (and a function conferred may, in particular,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">be—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) a power, or duty, to exercise a discretion;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) a power to give directions or orders, whether written or oral);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) provide for or enable the requisition or confiscation of property (with</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or without compensation);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) provide for or enable the destruction of property, animal life or plant</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">life (with or without compensation);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) prohibit, or enable the prohibition of, movement to or from a specified</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">place;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) require, or enable the requirement of, movement to or from a specified</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">place;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) prohibit, or enable the prohibition of, assemblies of specified kinds, at</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">specified places or at specified times;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(g) prohibit, or enable the prohibition of, travel at specified times;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(h) prohibit, or enable the prohibition of, other specified activities;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) create an offence of—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) failing to comply with a provision of the regulations;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) failing to comply with a direction or order given or made under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the regulations;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(iii) obstructing a person in the performance of a function under or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">by virtue of the regulations;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(j) disapply or modify an enactment (other than a provision of this Part) or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">a provision made under or by virtue of an enactment;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(k) require a person or body to act in performance of a function (whether</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the function is conferred by the regulations or otherwise and whether</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or not the regulations also make provision for remuneration or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">compensation);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">45</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Emergency powers</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(l) enable the Defence Council to authorise the deployment of Her</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Majesty’s armed forces;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(m) make provision (which may include conferring powers in relation to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">property) for facilitating any deployment of Her Majesty’s armed</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">forces;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(n) confer jurisdiction on a court or tribunal (which may include a tribunal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">established by the regulations);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(o) make provision which has effect in relation to, or to anything done in—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) an area of the territorial sea,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) an area within British fishery limits, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(iii) an area of the continental shelf;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(p) make provision which applies generally or only in specified</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">circumstances or for a specified purpose;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(q) make different provision for different circumstances or purposes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) In subsection (3) “specified” means specified by, or to be specified in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">accordance with, the regulations.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">22 Limitations of emergency regulations</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Emergency regulations may make provision only if and in so far as the person</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">making the regulations thinks—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) that the provision is for the purpose of preventing, controlling or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">mitigating an aspect or effect of the emergency in respect of which the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations are made, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) that the effect of the provision is in due proportion to that aspect or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">effect of the emergency.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) Emergency regulations must specify the Parts of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regions in relation to which the regulations have effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) Emergency regulations may not—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) require a person, or enable a person to be required, to provide military</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">service, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) prohibit or enable the prohibition of participation in, or any activity in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">connection with, a strike or other industrial action.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) Emergency regulations may not—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) create an offence other than one of the kind described in section 21(3)(i),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) create an offence other than one which is triable only before a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">magistrates’ court or, in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, before a sheriff under summary</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">procedure,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) create an offence which is punishable—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) with imprisonment for a period exceeding three months, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) with a fine exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) alter procedure in relation to criminal proceedings.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">23 Regional and Emergency Coordinators</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Emergency regulations must require a senior Minister of the Crown to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">appoint—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Emergency powers</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">16</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) for each Part of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, other than </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, in relation to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">which the regulations have effect, a person to be known as the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Emergency Coordinator for that Part, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) for each region in relation to which the regulations have effect, a person</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to be known as the Regional Nominated Coordinator for that region.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) Provision made in accordance with subsection (1) may, in particular, include</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">provision about the coordinator’s—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) terms of appointment,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) conditions of service (including remuneration), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) functions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) The principal purpose of the appointment shall be to facilitate coordination of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">activities under the emergency regulations (whether only in the Part or region</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for which the appointment is made or partly there and partly elsewhere).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) In exercising his functions a coordinator shall—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) comply with a direction of a senior Minister of the Crown, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) have regard to guidance issued by a senior Minister of the Crown.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) A coordinator shall not be regarded as the servant or agent of the Crown or as</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">enjoying any status, immunity or privilege of the Crown.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24 Establishment of tribunal</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Emergency regulations which establish a tribunal may not be made unless a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">senior Minister of the Crown has consulted the Council on Tribunals.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) But—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a senior Minister of the Crown may disapply subsection (1) if he thinks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">it necessary by reason of urgency,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) subsection (1) shall not apply where the Council on Tribunals have</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">consented to the establishment of the Tribunal, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) a failure to satisfy subsection (1) shall not affect the validity of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) Where the Council on Tribunals are consulted by a senior Minister of the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Crown under subsection (1)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the Council shall make a report to the Minister, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the Minister shall not make the emergency regulations to which the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">consultation relates before receiving the Council’s report.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) But—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a senior Minister of the Crown may disapply subsection (3)(b) if he</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">thinks it necessary by reason of urgency, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a failure to comply with subsection (3)(b) shall not affect the validity of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">regulations.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(5) Where a senior Minister of the Crown receives a report under subsection (3)(a)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">he shall lay before Parliament as soon as is reasonably practicable after the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">making of the regulations to which the report relates—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a copy of the report,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a statement of the extent to which the regulations give effect to any</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">recommendations in the report, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) an explanation for any departure from recommendations in the report.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">45</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Emergency powers</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">17</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(6) Where a senior Minister of the Crown makes emergency regulations without</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">consulting the Council on Tribunals (in reliance on subsection (2)(a))—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) he shall consult the Council about the regulations as soon as reasonably</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">practicable after they are made,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the Council shall make a report to the Minister, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) subsection (5) shall apply (with any necessary modifications).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25 Duration</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Emergency regulations shall lapse—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) at the end of the period of 30 days beginning with the date on which</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">they are made, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) at such earlier time as may be specified in the regulations.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) Subsection (1)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) shall not prevent the making of new regulations, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) shall not affect anything done by virtue of the regulations before they</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">lapse.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">26 Parliamentary scrutiny</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Where emergency regulations are made—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a senior Minister of the Crown shall as soon as is reasonably practicable</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">lay the regulations before Parliament, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the regulations shall lapse at the end of the period of seven days</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">beginning with the date of laying unless during that period each House</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of Parliament passes a resolution approving them.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) If each House of Parliament passes a resolution that emergency regulations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">shall cease to have effect, the regulations shall cease to have effect—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) at such time, after the passing of the resolutions, as may be specified in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">them, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) if no time is specified in the resolutions, at the beginning of the day after</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">that on which the resolutions are passed (or, if they are passed on</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">different days, at the beginning of the day after that on which the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">second resolution is passed).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) If each House of Parliament passes a resolution that emergency regulations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">shall have effect with a specified amendment, the regulations shall have effect</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">as amended, with effect from—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) such time, after the passing of the resolutions, as may be specified in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">them, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) if no time is specified in the resolutions, the beginning of the day after</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">that on which the resolutions are passed (or, if they are passed on</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">different days, the beginning of the day after that on which the second</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">resolution is passed).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) Nothing in this section—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) shall prevent the making of new regulations, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) shall affect anything done by virtue of regulations before they lapse,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">cease to have effect or are amended under this section.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Emergency powers</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">18</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">27 Parliamentary scrutiny: prorogation and adjournment</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) If when emergency regulations are made under section 19 Parliament stands</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">prorogued to a day after the end of the period of five days beginning with the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">date on which the regulations are made, Her Majesty shall by proclamation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">under the Meeting of Parliament Act 1797 (c. 127) require Parliament to meet</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">on a specified day within that period.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) If when emergency regulations are made under section 19 the House of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Commons stands adjourned to a day after the end of the period of five days</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">beginning with the date on which the regulations are made, the Speaker shall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">arrange for the House to meet on a day during that period.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) If when emergency regulations are made under section 19 the House of Lords</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">stands adjourned to a day after the end of the period of five days beginning</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">with the date on which the regulations are made, the Lord Chancellor shall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">arrange for the House to meet on a day during that period.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) In subsections (2) and (3) a reference to the Lord Chancellor or the Speaker</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">includes a reference to a person authorised by Standing Orders of the House of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Lords or of the House of Commons to act in place of the Lord Chancellor or the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Speaker in respect of the recall of the House during adjournment.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">28 Consultation with devolved administrations</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Emergency regulations which relate wholly or partly to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> may not be</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">made unless a senior Minister of the Crown has consulted the Scottish</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ministers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) Emergency regulations which relate wholly or partly to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> may</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">not be made unless a senior Minister of the Crown has consulted the First</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Minister and deputy First Minister.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) Emergency regulations which relate wholly or partly to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> may not be</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">made unless a senior Minister of the Crown has consulted the National</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(4) But—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a senior Minister of the Crown may disapply a requirement to consult</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">if he thinks it necessary by reason of urgency, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a failure to satisfy a requirement to consult shall not affect the validity</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">of regulations.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">29 Procedure</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Emergency regulations shall be made by statutory instrument (whether or not</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">made by Order in Council).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30 Interpretation</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) In this Part—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“British fishery limits” has the meaning given by the Fishery Limits Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1976 (c. 86),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“the continental shelf” means any area designated by Order in Council</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">under section 1(7) of the Continental Shelf Act 1964 (c. 29),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“emergency” has the meaning given by section 18,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Emergency powers</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">19</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“enactment” includes—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) an Act of the Scottish Parliament,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> legislation, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) an instrument made under an Act of the Scottish Parliament or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">under </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> legislation (as well as an instrument</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">made under an Act),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“function” means any power or duty whether conferred by virtue of an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">enactment or otherwise,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“Part” in relation to the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> has the meaning given by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">subsection (2),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“public functions” means—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) functions conferred or imposed by or by virtue of an enactment,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) functions of Ministers of the Crown (or their departments),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) functions of persons holding office under the Crown,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) functions of the Scottish Ministers,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) functions of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Ministers or of the Northern</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> departments, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(f) functions of the National Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“region” has the meaning given by subsection (2),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“senior Minister of the Crown” has the meaning given by section 19(3),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“serious delay” has the meaning given by section 19(4), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“territorial sea” means the territorial sea adjacent to, or to any Part of, the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, construed in accordance with section 1 of the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Territorial</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Sea</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Act 1987 (c. 49).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In this Part—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) “Part” in relation to the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> means—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(iii) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(iv) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) “region” means a region for the purposes of the Regional Development</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Agencies Act 1998 (c. 45), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) a reference to a Part or region of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> includes a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">reference to—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(i) any part of the territorial sea that is adjacent to that Part or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">region,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) any part of the area within British fishery limits that is adjacent</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to the Part or region, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(iii) any part of the continental shelf that is adjacent to the Part or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">region.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) The following shall have effect for the purpose of subsection (2)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) an Order in Council under section 126(2) of the Scotland Act 1998 (c. 46)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(apportionment of sea areas),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) an Order in Council under section 98(8) of the Northern Ireland Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1998 (c. 47) (apportionment of sea areas), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) an order under section 155(2) of the Government of Wales Act 1998</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c. 38) (apportionment of sea areas);</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">but only if or in so far as it is expressed to apply for general or residual</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">purposes of any of those Acts or for the purposes of this section.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">45</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 3 — General</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 3</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">GENERAL</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">31 Minor and consequential amendments and repeals</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) Schedule 2 (minor and consequential amendments and repeals) shall have</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The enactments listed in Schedule 3 are hereby repealed or revoked to the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">extent specified.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">32 Money</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There shall be paid out of money provided by Parliament—</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) any expenditure incurred by a Minister of the Crown in connection with this</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Act, and</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) <i>any increase attributable to this Act in the sums payable under any other</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">enactment out of money provided by Parliament.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">33 Commencement</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) The preceding provisions of this Act shall come into force in accordance with</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">provision made by a Minister of the Crown by order.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) But the following provisions of this Act shall come into force in accordance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">with provision made by the Scottish Ministers by order—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) section 1(5) in so far as it relates to the Scottish Ministers,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) sections 2(4) and (6), 3(2), 4(3) and (7), 5(2) and (5), 6(2) and (5), 8, 9(2),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">11, 13(2), 14(2), 16(3) and (5), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) a provision of section 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13 or 16 in so far as it relates to a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">provision specified in paragraph (b) above.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) An order under subsection (1) or (2)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) may make provision generally or for specific purposes only,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) may make different provision for different purposes,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) may make incidental, consequential or transitional provision, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) shall be made by statutory instrument.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">34 Extent</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) This Act extends to—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) But where this Act amends or repeals an enactment or a provision of an</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">enactment, the amendment or repeal has the same extent as the enactment or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">provision.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35 Short title</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This Act may be cited as the Civil Contingencies Act 2004.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1 — Category 1 and 2 Responders</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">21</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">SCHEDULE S</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">SCHEDULE 1 Part 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">CATEGORY 1 AND 2 RESPONDERS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">CATEGORY 1 RESPONDERS: GENERAL</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Local authorities</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1 In relation to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a county council,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a district council,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) a </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> borough council,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) the Common Council of the City of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) the Council of the Isles of Scilly.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2 In relation to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a county council, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a county borough council.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Emergency services</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3 (1) A chief officer of police within the meaning of section 101(1) of the Police Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1996 (c. 16).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) The Chief Constable of the Police Service of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) The Chief Constable of the British Transport Police Force.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">4 (1)A fire authority.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In sub-paragraph (1) “fire authority” has the same meaning as it has in the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Fire Services Act 1947 (c. 41) by virtue of—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) section 38(1) of that Act, and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) paragraph 2 of Schedule 11 to the Local Government Act 1985 (c. 51)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and metropolitan fire and civil defence authorities).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Health</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5 A National Health Service trust established under section 5 of the National</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 (c. 19) if, and in so far as, it has</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the function of providing—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) ambulance services,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) hospital accommodation and services in relation to accidents and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">emergencies, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1 — Category 1 and 2 Responders</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Category 1 Responders: General</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">22</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) services in relation to public health in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">6 An NHS foundation trust (within the meaning of section 1 of the Health and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 (c. 43)) if, and in so</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">far as, it has the function of providing hospital accommodation and services</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">in relation to accidents and emergencies.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7 A Primary Care Trust established under section 16A of the National Health</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Service Act 1977 (c. 49).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">8 A Local Health Board established under section 16BA of the National Health</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Service Act 1977.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">9 The Health Protection Agency (a Special Health Authority established under</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">section 11 of the National Health Service Act 1977).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10 A port health authority constituted under section 2(4) of the Public Health</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(Control of Disease) Act 1984 (c. 22).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Miscellaneous</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">11 The Environment Agency.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">12 The Secretary of State, in so far as his functions relate to maritime and coastal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">matters.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">CATEGORY 1 RESPONDERS: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">SCOTLAND</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Local authorities</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">13 A council constituted under section 2 of the Local Government etc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Act 1994 (c. 39).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Emergency services</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">14 A chief constable of a police force maintained under the Police (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Act 1967 (c. 77).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15 (1) A fire authority.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In sub-paragraph (1) “fire authority” means—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) a council constituted under section 2 of the Local Government etc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Act 1994, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) a joint board constituted under an administration scheme made by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">virtue of the Local Government (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Act 1973 (c. 65) or section</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">36 of the Fire Services Act 1947 (c. 41).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">16 The Scottish Ambulance Board.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Health</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">17 A Health Board constituted under section 2 of the National Health Service</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Act 1978 (c. 29).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1 — Category 1 and 2 Responders</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 2 — Category 1 Responders: </span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">23</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Miscellaneous</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">18 The Scottish Environment Protection Agency.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">CATEGORY 2 RESPONDERS: GENERAL</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Utilities</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">19 A person authorised to generate, transmit, distribute or supply electricity by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">virtue of a licence or exemption under the Electricity Act 1989 (c. 29).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20 A person authorised to undertake activity in relation to gas by virtue of a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">licence, exception or exemption under the Gas Act 1986 (c. 44).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">21 A water undertaker or sewerage undertaker appointed under section 6 of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the Water Industry Act 1991 (c. 56).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">22 (1) A person who provides a public electronic communications network which</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">makes telephone services available (whether for spoken communication or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for the transmission of data).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In sub-paragraph (1)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the reference to provision of a network shall be construed in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">accordance with section 32(4)(a) and (b) of the Communications Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2003 (c. 21), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) “public electronic communications network” shall have the meaning</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">given by sections 32(1) and 151(1) of that Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Transport</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">23 A person who holds a licence under section 8 of the Railways Act 1993 (c. 43)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(operation of railway assets) in so far as the licence relates to activity in Great</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24 A person who provides services in connection with railways in Great</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) without holding a licence under section 8 of that Act, but</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) in reliance on Council Directive 95/18/EC on the licensing of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">railway undertakings.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25 (1) Transport for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) London Underground Limited (being a subsidiary of Transport for</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">26 An airport operator, within the meaning of section 82(1) of the Airports Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1986 (c. 31), in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Great Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">27 A harbour authority, within the meaning of section 46(1) of the Aviation and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maritime Security Act 1990 (c. 31), in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Great Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">28 The Secretary of State, in so far as his functions relate to matters for which</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">he is responsible by virtue of section 1 of the Highways Act 1980 (c. 66)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(highway authorities).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1 — Category 1 and 2 Responders</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 3 — Category 2 Responders: General</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">24</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Health and safety</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">29 The Health and Safety Executive.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">CATEGORY 2 RESPONDERS: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">SCOTLAND</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Utilities</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30 A person authorised to generate, transmit, distribute or supply electricity by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">virtue of a licence or exemption under the Electricity Act 1989 (c. 29) in so far</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">as such generation, transmission, distribution or supply takes place in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">31 A person authorised to undertake activity in relation to gas by virtue of a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">licence, exception or exemption under the Gas Act 1986 (c. 44) in so far as</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">such activity is undertaken in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">32 Scottish Water, established by section 20 of, and Schedule 3 to, the Water</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Industry (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Act 2002 (asp 3).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">33 (1) A person who provides a public electronic communications network which</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">makes telephone services available (whether for spoken communication or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">for the transmission of data) in so far as the services are made available in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) In sub-paragraph (1)—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the reference to provision of a network shall be construed in</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">accordance with section 32(4)(a) and (b) of the Communications Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2003 (c. 21), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) “public electronic communications network” shall have the meaning</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">given by sections 32(1) and 151(1) of that Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Transport</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">34 A person who holds a licence to operate railway assets under section 8 of the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Railways Act 1993 (c. 43) in so far as such operation takes place in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35 A person who provides services in connection with railways—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) without holding a licence under section 8 of that Act, but</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) in reliance on Council Directive 95/18/EC on the licensing of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">railway undertakings,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">in so far as such services are provided in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">36 An airport operator within the meaning of section 82(1) of the Airports Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1986 (c. 31) in so far as it has responsibility for the management of an airport</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">37 A harbour authority, within the meaning of section 46(1) of the Aviation and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Maritime Security Act 1990 (c. 31) in so far as it has functions in relation to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">improving, maintaining and managing a harbour in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 1 — Category 1 and 2 Responders</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 4 — Category 2 Responders: </span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Health</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">38 The Common Services Agency established by section 10 of the National</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Health Service (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Act 1978 (c. 29).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">SCHEDULE 2 Section 31</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">MINOR AND CONSEQUENTIAL AMENDMENTS AND REPEALS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">AMENDMENTS AND REPEALS CONSEQUENTIAL ON PART 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Defence Act 1939 (c. 31)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1 The Civil Defence Act 1939 shall cease to have effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Defence Act (</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1939 (c. 15 (N.I.))</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">2 The Civil Defence Act (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1939 shall cease to have effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Defence Act 1948 (c. 5)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">3 The Civil Defence Act 1948 shall cease to have effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Defence Act (</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1950 (c. 11 (N.I.))</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">4 The Civil Defence Act (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1950 shall cease to have effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Defence Contracts Act 1958 (c. 38)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5 In section 6(1) of the Defence Contracts Act 1958 (interpretation, &c.), in the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">definition of “defence materials” omit paragraph (b).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Public Expenditure and Receipts Act 1968 (c. 14)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">6 Section 4 of the Public Expenditure and Receipts Act 1968 (compensation to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">civil defence employees for loss of employment, &c.) shall cease to have</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Protection in Peacetime Act 1986 (c. 22)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7 The Civil Protection in Peacetime Act 1986 shall cease to have effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Road Traffic Act 1988 (c. 52)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">8 In section 65A(5) of the Road Traffic Act 1988 (light passenger vehicles and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">motor cycles not to be sold without EC certificate of conformity) omit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">paragraph (c).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 2 — Minor and Consequential Amendments and Repeals</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 1 — Amendments and Repeals Consequential on Part 1</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">26</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Metropolitan </span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">County</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Fire</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and Rescue Authorities</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">9 (1) The bodies established by section 26 of the Local Government Act 1985</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c. 51) and known as metropolitan county fire and civil defence authorities</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">shall be known instead as metropolitan county fire and rescue authorities.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) So far as necessary or appropriate in consequence of sub-paragraph (1), a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">reference in an enactment, instrument, agreement or other document to a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">metropolitan county fire and civil defence authority shall be treated as a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">reference to a metropolitan county fire and rescue authority.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(3) In the following provisions for “(fire services, civil defence and transport)”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">substitute “(fire and rescue services and transport)”—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) paragraph 29 of Schedule 1A to the Race Relations Act 1976 (c. 74),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) sections 21(1)(i), 39(1)(g), 67(3)(k) and 152(2)(i) of the Local</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Government and Housing Act 1989 (c. 42),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) section 1(10)(d) of the Local Government (Overseas Assistance) Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1993 (c. 25),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(d) paragraph 19 of Schedule 1 to the Freedom of Information Act 2000</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c. 36), and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(e) sections 23(1)(k) and 33(1)(j) of the Local Government Act 2003 (c.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">26).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">AMENDMENTS AND REPEALS CONSEQUENTIAL ON PART 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Emergency Powers Act 1920 (c. 55)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10 The Emergency Powers Act 1920 shall cease to have effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Emergency Powers Act (</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1926 (c. 8)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">11 The Emergency Powers Act (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1926 shall cease to have</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Act 1998 (c. 47)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">12 In paragraph 14 of Schedule 3 to the Northern Ireland Act 1998 (reserved</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">matters) for “the Emergency Powers Act (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1926” substitute</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“Part 2 of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PART 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">MINOR AMENDMENTS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Energy Act 1976 (c. 76)</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">13 After sections 1 to 4 of the Energy Act 1976 (powers to control production</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 2 — Minor and Consequential Amendments and Repeals</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Part 3 — Minor Amendments</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">27</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">and supply of fuel, &c.) insert—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“5 Sections 1 to 4: territorial application</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A power under sections 1 to 4 may be exercised in relation to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">anything which is wholly or partly situated in, or to activity wholly</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">or partly in—</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(a) the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(b) the territorial sea of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c) an area designated under the Continental Shelf Act 1964</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c. 29).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(2) Subsection (1) is without prejudice to section 2(2)(b).”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">SCHEDULE 3 Section 31</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">REPEALS AND REVOCATIONS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Short title and chapter Repeal or revocation</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Emergency Powers Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1920 (c. 55).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Emergency Powers Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1926 (c. 8).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Air-Raid Precautions Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1938 (c. 26</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(N.I.)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Defence Act 1939</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c. 31).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Defence Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1939 (c. 15</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(N.I.)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Defence Act 1948</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c. 5).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Defence Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1950 (c. 11</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(N.I.)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Criminal Justice Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1953 (c. 14</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(N.I.)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 2, the entry relating to the Civil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Defence Act (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1950.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Defence (Armed</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Forces) Act 1954 (c. 66).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Section 1.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In section 3(2), “, and the expression</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“designated Minister” has the same meaning</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">as in the Civil Defence Act 1948”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Defence Contracts Act 1958</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(c. 38).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In section 6(1), in the definition of “defence</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">materials”, paragraph (b).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Emergency Powers Act</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1964 (c. 38).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Section 1.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 3 — Repeals and Revocations</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">28</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Lands Tribunal and Compensation Act (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1964 (c. 29 (N.I.)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 1, the entry relating to the Civil Defence Act (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1939.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Emergency Powers (Amendment) Act (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1964 (c. 34 (N.I.)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Public Expenditure and Receipts Act 1968 (c. 14).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Section 4.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Land Charges Act 1972 (c. 61).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 2, paragraph 1(f).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Drainage (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Order 1973 (S.I. 1973/69 (N.I. 1)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 8, paragraphs 3 and 4.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1976 (c. 16).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 2, in Part II, the entry relating to the Civil Defence Act 1939.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Road Traffic (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/154 (N.I. 1)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Article 31G(5)(c).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Aviation Act 1982 (c. 16).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 2, paragraph 2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Section 41.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 2, the entry relating to section 2 of the Emergency Powers Act 1920.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Fines and Penalties (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Order 1984 (S.I. 1984/703 (N.I. 3)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Article 12.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Protection in Peacetime Act 1986 (c. 22).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Road Traffic Act 1988 (c. 52).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Section 65A(5)(c).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Water Act 1989 (c. 15). In Schedule 25, paragraph 1(4).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Electricity Act 1989 (c. 29). In Schedule 16, paragraph 1(3) and paragraph 4.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Police and Criminal Evidence (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Order 1989 (S.I. 1989/1341</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">(N.I. 12)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 2, the entry relating to the Emergency Powers Act (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Northern Ireland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) 1926.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Local Government Finance Act 1992 (c. 14).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 13, paragraph 6.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Local Government etc. (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scotland</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">) Act 1994 (c. 39).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 13, paragraph 24.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Gas Act 1995 (c. 45). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 4, paragraph 2(5).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Police Act 1997 (c. 50). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In Schedule 9, paragraphs 2 and 17.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Short title and chapter Repeal or revocation</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">10</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">15</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">20</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">25</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">30</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">35</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">40</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Schedule 3 — Repeals and Revocations</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">29</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Greater </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Authority Act 1999 (c. 29).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Section 330.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Transport Act 2000 (c. 38). In Schedule 5, paragraph 3.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Civil Defence (Grant) Act 2002 (c. 5).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The whole Act.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Short title and chapter Repeal or revocation</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">5</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Bill 14 (xxxxxx) 53/3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Contingencies Bill</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">© Parliamentary copyright House of Commons 2004</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to the Copyright Unit,</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, St. Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, </span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Norwich</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, </span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">NR3 1BQ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">LONDON</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">: THE STATIONERY OFFICE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Printed in the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> by</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Stationery Office Limited</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">A</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 30pt;">B I L L</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">To make provision about civil contingencies.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Presented by: </span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr Douglas Alexander</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">supported by</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr Chancellor of the Exchequer,</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr Secretary Blunkett, </span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr Secretary Murphy,</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr Peter Hain, </span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Mr Adam Ingram</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">and Mr John Hutton.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Ordered, by </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">the House of Commons,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">to be Printed, </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">7<i>th January </i>2004</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div><br />
Regards,<br />
<br />
Greg L-W. <b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><br />
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
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<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers. <br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=a06fbad0-107f-41cd-9877-982476c7c6b1" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-33691337290407269012011-03-19T21:08:00.001+00:002011-03-19T21:10:16.449+00:00#GD032* - CHURCHILL & The EUropean Movement<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">#GD032* - CHURCHILL & The EUropean Movement</span></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 26pt;"> </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 26pt;">Sir Winston Spencer </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 26pt;">CHURCHILL</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPxyZBr7uRVBwtBbg4lQB0jMb88mrHlJOVTfANCD6flXxmcXVBMpiayew41bDwYG8N4b5iFKNCaQ1Ht-s7Xl97uhv2oKKTmiObictLsFLeZeODnaboxuM7pWxuU3Ol3lcSilnppVZpoJQ/s1600/CHURCHILL+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPxyZBr7uRVBwtBbg4lQB0jMb88mrHlJOVTfANCD6flXxmcXVBMpiayew41bDwYG8N4b5iFKNCaQ1Ht-s7Xl97uhv2oKKTmiObictLsFLeZeODnaboxuM7pWxuU3Ol3lcSilnppVZpoJQ/s1600/CHURCHILL+01.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 26pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 26pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 26pt;">&</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 26pt;">The EUROPEAN MOVEMENT</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHAWXMURyRh3ovcMZqo2Oq8eoDBKFwV9MYDpquTVw5T8S-NHocv5TB2cz0EWYk4UqKXFlLo6VaFVCDjP6c5k9VtYLuXBlhSk7Y9pL0pCy_qGPgcweDCAStm8tLHwJww4IwCU1JALAb60M/s1600/GILRAY+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHAWXMURyRh3ovcMZqo2Oq8eoDBKFwV9MYDpquTVw5T8S-NHocv5TB2cz0EWYk4UqKXFlLo6VaFVCDjP6c5k9VtYLuXBlhSk7Y9pL0pCy_qGPgcweDCAStm8tLHwJww4IwCU1JALAb60M/s400/GILRAY+01.jpg" width="302" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 26pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">“If you can hear the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" rel="wikipedia" title="Word">words</a> you've spoken</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools.”</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" rel="wikipedia" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">& for a classic example of this, one only has to look at The Knaves in The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.europeanmovement.eu/" rel="homepage" title="European Movement International">European Movement</a> and <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.thefools-band.com/" rel="homepage" title="The Fools">The Fools</a> who are trapped by their words.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">This QUOTE comes from their Web Site and is a quote taken completely out of context and without any explanation of Churchill or his often made and clear definition of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> relative </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" rel="wikipedia" title="Europe">Europe</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">I take the liberty of quoting his own definition of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> in his own words at the end:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><i><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">European Movement Web Site</span></u></i></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">WINSTON CHURCHILL SAYS....</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">WINSTON CHURCHILL: </span></i><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span></i><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">'s Greatest Patriot And The Founder Of The European Movement</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">"And why should there not be a European group which could give a sense of enlarged patriotism and common citizenship to the distracted peoples of this turbulent and mighty continent and why should it not take it's rightful place with other great 'groupings' in shaping the destinies of men?</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In order that this should be accomplished there must be an act of faith in which millions of families, speaking many languages, must consciously take part."</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">YOU can help make Sir Winston's vision come to pass - Join The European Movement</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Supporters Club for Dishonesty, Corruption, Fraud, Profligacy and the destruction of </span></i><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span></i><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> - funded by The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" rel="wikipedia" title="European Union">European Union</a>.</span></i></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><i><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">END of extract from: EU Web Site</span></u></i></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwKQ5R_8m27Al7dcP4OovHT4wpUbdwBx9XjW4QduMvCnhQsfDGEeE8G-ivCs10D0d4lyMHqsMkYP5KW0XVXF2UT7FwnPPIzGMB1Ya1MTeEbhmYZWjDUYhY-ENhq2mg9JtjJDjRSwbYj10/s1600/CHURCHILL+02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwKQ5R_8m27Al7dcP4OovHT4wpUbdwBx9XjW4QduMvCnhQsfDGEeE8G-ivCs10D0d4lyMHqsMkYP5KW0XVXF2UT7FwnPPIzGMB1Ya1MTeEbhmYZWjDUYhY-ENhq2mg9JtjJDjRSwbYj10/s400/CHURCHILL+02.jpg" width="283" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Now let <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" rel="wikipedia" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Spencer Churchill</a>’s words speak for themselves:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt;">"If </span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt;"> must choose between </span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt;"> and the open sea, she must always choose the open sea." - Winston S. Churchill</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">&</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">"We are with </span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, but not of it. We are linked, but not combined. We are interested and associated, but not absorbed. And should European Statesmen address us in the words which were used of old -'Shall I speak for thee to the King or the Lord of the Host?' - - we should reply with the words of the Shunamite woman: ''Nay sir, for we dwell among our own people."</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
Winston S. Churchill.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">I believe that there is almost nothing more clearly showing the Evil intentions of the EU more clearly than this example of their puppet, The European Movement, to lie and distort facts.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">To lie and distort the FACTS we have come to expect from the EU and all who espouse it, but to assume the clothing of a man whose intellect shows theirs to be that of intellectual Pygmies is doubly deceitful and to use the words of someone who is dead and no longer able to defend himself in such a duplicitous was is despicable.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">How excellently this typifies the integrity of the EU and its proponents.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">For further similar examples of dishonesty about the EU, may I commend to you the utterances of Tiny Blur, Gordon Brown, Robin Cook, Peter Mandelson, Peter Haine, Geoffrey Martin, Ted Heath, Michael Hesseltine, Ken Clarke, Francis Maude, Douglas Hurd, Charles Kennedy and a host of other self seeking politicians. Not one of whom has ever managed to give one single solitary GOOD reason for Britain paying £1,800,000 per HOUR for membership which is not massively outweighed by the disadvantages for the British peoples and Britain as a Nation.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgorWFWrLsTkj09fS7_HU3ks1IqVWohFgzjctWdVofWyibMlFQ1nouFAO_kjiWTMuQD9UPsmii2D7bfh6kFewGtt2LnjhSTN88nxAQU49b7JZUB996lDo4jhorIwBGAJO_AnEqQc1Go8DA/s1600/TRUMAN+-+ROOSEVELD+%252B+HEATH+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgorWFWrLsTkj09fS7_HU3ks1IqVWohFgzjctWdVofWyibMlFQ1nouFAO_kjiWTMuQD9UPsmii2D7bfh6kFewGtt2LnjhSTN88nxAQU49b7JZUB996lDo4jhorIwBGAJO_AnEqQc1Go8DA/s320/TRUMAN+-+ROOSEVELD+%252B+HEATH+01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a href="http://www.economist.com/images/20050723/3005OB.jpg" target="_top"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #0000cc;"></span></span></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No benefit to Britain of EU membership has or could ever balance the costs - one only has to look at the British Farming Industry or The British Fishing Industry, or Steel, Mining, Aircraft construction, Car making or defence under EU management to realise the immense damage membership of the EU has been to Britain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">I commend to you the quotes of Winston Churchill given above, when in context.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Anyone who feels that I may have remotely misrepresented the truth I challenge them to a 30 minute debate on prime time media - I am prepared to guarantee not a single organisation or individual quoted above can or will even try to defend their LIES about Britain's membership of the EU, we are represented in Parliament by LIARS, CHEATS, Charlatans and the Vain Glorious self seekers following THEIR OWN personal ambitions at the expense of the peoples they 'pretend' to represent.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXs84eJLgIKFi_JTrbsXwdO66ROMzO6Rjm75FNZ0KkkrloRmFt3qTSWYqbhAAgXCZrDxS-HS_DYQJ5LKdXHg5pmp-QISKDjN2jfAu2rldH5utEhxCDXsen-MLnje01tEXrSbZDwIZ4nDE/s1600/BABEL+TOWERS+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXs84eJLgIKFi_JTrbsXwdO66ROMzO6Rjm75FNZ0KkkrloRmFt3qTSWYqbhAAgXCZrDxS-HS_DYQJ5LKdXHg5pmp-QISKDjN2jfAu2rldH5utEhxCDXsen-MLnje01tEXrSbZDwIZ4nDE/s1600/BABEL+TOWERS+01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Churchill was right:</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">"If </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> must choose between </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and the open sea, she must always choose the open sea." - Winston S. Churchill</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There is NO CopyRight on this document, <b><span style="color: red;">which is one of many 1,000s of items freely available on</span> </b><a href="http://www.silentmajority.co.uk/">http://www.SilentMajority.co.UK</a> [some 20Mbs.] which contains 1,000s of apposite quotations, Articles, Speeches, Commentaries, ArtWork, & The FULL text of The EU Treaties, Several Related Books, The British Constitution, The American Constitution & Numerous related Items.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">SilentMajority nor any associate thereof does NOT vouch for the veracity of the documents hosted on its site nor any foreign language documents thereon & advises you consult your own solicitor on legal details as we do not accept liability for, nor presume to give legal advice ourselves.</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">THIS ITEM:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Was provided free of charge </span>By:<i><b> </b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></b></i><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">IF YOU wish to use the Material Above, which is freely provided</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">Please have the Courtesy to Print It out in its entirety from start to finish with NO alterations, as displayed.</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 36pt;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">To This Point</span></div><b><span style="font-size: 130%;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div>Regards,<br />
Greg L-W. <b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
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<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers. <br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=9de4e459-33bc-48fc-b735-53701386f026" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-60838112311122075342011-03-19T15:22:00.004+00:002011-03-19T15:37:04.469+00:00#GD031* - MAGNA CARTA - Notated<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" height="13590" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.8pt; width: 425px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td colspan="4" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 447.9pt;" valign="top" width="597"><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">#GD031* - MAGNA CARTA - Notated </span></span><b><i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 36pt;"><br />
</span></u></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 36pt;">The </span></u></i></b><br />
<b><i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 36pt;">Magna Carta</span></u></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEvoyqzZCmcvYrDhKkncGgoxZ_s9Qgulu92DzC2grZT_4uCBzIALHbb-pnVoryBViGxj1qv0RdrXsH8AZ5PKQIpUgRkDvB9fxLnV8_11Fu3gjEite-QN87Js-Mef9g8r6kMMzD6xIXt_8/s1600/MAGNA+CARTA+03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEvoyqzZCmcvYrDhKkncGgoxZ_s9Qgulu92DzC2grZT_4uCBzIALHbb-pnVoryBViGxj1qv0RdrXsH8AZ5PKQIpUgRkDvB9fxLnV8_11Fu3gjEite-QN87Js-Mef9g8r6kMMzD6xIXt_8/s320/MAGNA+CARTA+03.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">IF you have no interest in YOUR rights, <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom" rel="wikipedia" title="Political freedom">freedoms</a> and Justice both for you, your children & Grandchildren or YOUR Country please just delete this copy of part of <b>YOUR</b> Constitution.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">The Constitution of </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">Britain</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">JUST USE DELETE but please vote against imposing an alien so called Constitution, so redolent of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" rel="wikipedia" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, upon your fellows; at the corrupt referendum on the EU’s squalid new 844 web pages of binding controls, in the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" rel="wikipedia" title="France–Germany relations">Franco German</a> binding Constitution for the central soviet of the EU.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Resist Removal of YOUR rights and those who come after you at every opportunity.<br />
<br />
Liberty & Freedom are hard won privileges for which YOUR ancestors gave their lives - it ill becomes you to debase their memory by squandering those privileges they won for YOU.<br />
<br />
YOU are the custodian of YOUR ancient rights for future generations. </span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">Use Delete by all means </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">but </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">VOTE NO </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">to</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">vassal status </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">of the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_union" rel="wikipedia" title="Supranational union">supra national</a>, corrupt and centralised </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">EU</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Hi,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">I do hope that having this copy of one of the plank documents of The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" rel="wikipedia" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">British Constitution</a> will help you to explain to the uninformed and rebut those who seek to commit treason and abuse their position as politicians or betray their Country, its freedoms, rights and independent sovereignty undermining our democracy and destroying our future by their attempts to dupe the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people" rel="wikipedia" title="British people">British peoples</a> into surrendering theirs and their children’s future for all time to an unarguably corrupt, centralised and undemocratic supra national <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" rel="wikipedia" title="European Union">EUropean</a> soviet – which seeks to emulate the USSR in its over regulated dictatorial <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralisation" rel="wikipedia" title="Centralisation">centralisation</a> of a territorially ambitious unaccountable police controlled state over energetically supplied with laws on every matter and Justice in none.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Reject </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> accepting vassal status and serf like control of our peoples by the imposition of a so called Constitution for this evil new Empire – the EU.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We have rights and freedoms in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> – enshrined in our Constitution and ‘doubly entrenched’ in Law – this has served us well for 1,000 years. We have no need of the squalid concept of surrender to the new Franco German super state as enshrined in THEIR exclusive <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_Clause" rel="wikipedia" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty</a> of Elysee of the 1960s.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 28pt;">The Magna Carta</span></u></i></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLxadKImi0NqzrNveqZX1qILhU0BjCOjEQjgak92fCvRxf4H7TlPgyjXXv3Flouo0rMGRIMlx594b0UeCmDU8hoNHKiIDVCX8qoKu3yFVj62vDynKpSsC80qiO2Gx0GVOF6JEx7oMvXmI/s1600/MAGNA+CARTA+04+1215.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLxadKImi0NqzrNveqZX1qILhU0BjCOjEQjgak92fCvRxf4H7TlPgyjXXv3Flouo0rMGRIMlx594b0UeCmDU8hoNHKiIDVCX8qoKu3yFVj62vDynKpSsC80qiO2Gx0GVOF6JEx7oMvXmI/s1600/MAGNA+CARTA+04+1215.jpg" /></a></div><b><i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 28pt;">1215 </span></u></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 28pt;"></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxIDsfwR0gAfWoF3h2L6WWN2lIwlrQiKyWCGjKQ239HSqUaFgrssPRSwuEPlo544fe_pkkxGb4TGKCZZrZ3dN7LSXh3gONH8IWH3NbJ4KR6Z44IjHH-j_UKjODmott4AJQkdcyTBzX7ng/s1600/MAGNA+CARTA+02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxIDsfwR0gAfWoF3h2L6WWN2lIwlrQiKyWCGjKQ239HSqUaFgrssPRSwuEPlo544fe_pkkxGb4TGKCZZrZ3dN7LSXh3gONH8IWH3NbJ4KR6Z44IjHH-j_UKjODmott4AJQkdcyTBzX7ng/s320/MAGNA+CARTA+02.jpg" width="172" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">1297<br />
<br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">THE CHARTER OF LIBERTIES OF 1215</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.6pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Preamble</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 307.5pt;" valign="top" width="410"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">John, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and Count of Anjou, to the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Earls, Barons, Justiciaries, Foresters, Sheriffs, Reeves, Stewards, Servants, Ministers and to all his bailiffs and others, his faithful subjects, greeting.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Know ye that we, out of reverence for God and for the salvation of our soul and those of all our ancestors and heirs, for the honour of God and the advancement of holy Church, and for the reform of our realm, on the advice of our venerable fathers, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England and cardinal of the holy Roman Church, Henry Archbishop of Dublin, William of London, Peter of Winchester, Jocelyn of Bath and Glastonbury, Hugh of Lincoln, Walter of Worcester, William of Coventry and Benedict of Rochester, Bishops; Master Pandulph, subdeacon and member of the household of the Lord Pope, of brother Aymeric, Master of the Knights of the Temple in England, and of the noble men William Marshal Earl of Pembroke, William Earl of Salisbury, William Earl Warenne, William Earl of Arundel, Alan of Galloway Constable of Scotland, Warin son of Gerold, Peter son of Herbert, Hubert de Burgh seneschal of Poitou, Hugh de Neville, Matthew son of Herbert, Thomas Basset, Alan Basset, Philip d'Aubigny, Robert of Ropsley, John Marshal, John son of Hugh, and others, our faithful subjects:</span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">01</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Church of England’s freedom and the grant of liberties to all freemen of the Kingdom</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In the first place have granted to God, and by this Our present charter confirmed for Us and Our Heirs for ever, that the English Church shall be free, and shall have its rights undiminished and its liberties unimpaired; and it is Our will that it be thus observed; which is evident from the fact that, before the quarrel between Us and Our Barons began, We, willingly and spontaneously granted and by our charter confirmed the freedom of elections which is reckoned most important and very essential to the English Church, and obtained confirmation of it from The Lord Pope Innocent III; the which We will observe and We wish Our Heirs to observe it in good faith for ever.<br />
We have also granted to all freemen of Our Kingdom, for Ourselves and Our heirs for ever, all the liberties written below, to be had and held by them and their heirs of Us and Our Heirs.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">02</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Reliefs for Inheritance</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If any of Our Earls or Barons or others holding of Us in chief by Knight services dies, and at his death his heir be of age and owe relief he shall have his inheritance on payment of the old relief, namely the heir or heirs of an Earl shall pay £100 for a whole Earl's Barony, the heir or heirs of a Knight 100s at most, for a whole Knight's 'fee', and that any man who owes less let him give less according to the ancient custom of 'fees'.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">03</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">If The Heir is under age</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If, however, the heir of any such be under age and a ward, he shall have his inheritance when he comes of age without paying relief and without making a fine.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">04</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Rights of Wards</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The guardian of the land of such an heir who is under age shall take from the land of the heir no more than reasonable sums, reasonable customary dues and reasonable services, and that without destruction and waste of men or goods; and if We commit the wardship of the land of any such to a sheriff, or to any other who is answerable to Us for its revenues, and he destroys or wastes what he has wardship of, We will take compensation from him and the land shall be committed to two lawful and discreet men of that fief, who shall be responsible for the revenues to us or to him to whom We shall assign them; and if We give or sell to anyone the wardship of any such land and he causes destruction or waste therein, he shall lose that wardship, and it shall be transferred to two lawful and discreet men of that fief, who shall similarly be responsible to Us as is aforesaid.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">05</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guardians and their Duties</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Moreover, so long as he has the wardship of the land, the guardian shall keep in repair the houses, parks, preserves, ponds, mills and other things pertaining to the land out of the revenues from it; and he shall restore to the heir when he comes of age his land fully [totam] stocked with ploughs and the means of husbandry [waynagus] according to what the season of husbandry requires, and what the revenues of the land can reasonably bear.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">06</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Marriage of Heirs</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Heirs shall be married without disparagement, yet so that before the marriage is contracted those nearest in blood to the heir shall have notice.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">07</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Widow’s Rights</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A widow shall have her marriage portion and inheritance forthwith and without difficulty after the death of her husband; nor shall she pay anything to have her dower or her marriage portion or the inheritance which she and her husband held on the day of her husband's death; and she may remain in her husband's house for forty days after his death, within which time her dower shall be assigned to her.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">08</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Widow’s Remarriage</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No widow shall be forced to marry so long as she wishes to live without a husband, provided that she gives security not to marry without our consent if she holds of Us, or without the consent of the lord of whom she holds, if she holds of another.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">09</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sureties & Debtors</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Neither We nor Our bailiffs will seize for any debt any land or rent, so long as the chattels of the debtor are sufficient to repay the debt; nor will those who have gone surety for the debtor be distrained so long as the principal debtor is himself able to pay the debt; and if the principal debtor fails to pay the debt, having nothing wherewith to pay it, then shall the Sureties answer for the debt; and they shall, if they wish, have the lands and rents of the debtor until they are reimbursed for the debt which they have paid for him, unless the principal debtor can show that he has discharged his obligation in the matter to the said Sureties.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">10</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Interest on Debts</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If anyone who has borrowed from the Jews any sum, great or small, dies before it is repaid, his heir shall pay no interest on the debt whilst he is under age, irrespective of whosoever tenant he may be; and if the debt falls into Our hands, We will not take in the bond anything except the principal mentioned.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">11</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Rights of Widows and Heirs as to creditors</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And if anyone dies indebted to the Jews, his wife shall have her dower and pay nothing of that debt; and if the dead man leaves children who are under age, they shall be provided with necessaries befitting the holding of the deceased; and the debt shall be paid out of the residue, reserving, however, service due to Lords of the land; debts owing to others than Jews shall be dealt with in like manner.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">12</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">No ‘aids’ other than by common counsel</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No scutage or aid shall be imposed in Our Kingdom unless by Common Counsel of our Kingdom except for ransoming Our person, for making Our eldest Son a Knight, and for once marrying our eldest daughter; and for these only a reasonable aid shall be levied. Be it done in like manner concerning aids from the city of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">13</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Liberties of London and other cities and towns etc.</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And the city of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">London</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> shall have all its ancient liberties and free customs as well by land as by water. Furthermore, We will and grant that all other cities, boroughs, towns and ports shall have all their liberties and free customs.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">14</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Calling together of a Council to asses & consent to ‘aids’</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And to obtain the common assessing of an aid (except counsel of the Kingdom about the three cases aforesaid) or of a scutage, We will cause to be summoned the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Earls and greater Barons, individually by our letters - and, in addition, We will cause to be summoned generally through our sheriffs and bailiffs, those holding of us in chief - for a fixed date, namely, after the expiry of at least forty days, and to a fixed place; and in all letters of such summons We will specify the reason for the summons. And when the summons has thus been made, the business shall proceed on the day appointed, according to the counsel of those present, although not all have come who were summoned.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">15</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Limiting the ‘aids’ of other Lords</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We will not in future grant anyone the right to take an aid from his own freemen, except for ransoming his person, for making his eldest son a Knight and for once marrying his eldest daughter; and for these only a reasonable aid shall be levied.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">16</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Limiting a Knight’s fee</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No one shall be compelled to do greater service for a Knight's fee or for any other free holding than is due from it.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">17</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Justice to be fixed at a place</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Common pleas shall not follow Our court, but shall be held in some fixed place.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">18</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Disputes to be held in the county where land is concerned</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The ¼ Sessions</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Inquests of novel disseisin, of mort d'ancestor, and of darrein presentment, shall not be held elsewhere than in the court of the county to which they relate [in suis tomitatibas] and in this manner - we, or, if we should be out of the realm, Our Chief Justiciary, will send two Justices through each county four times a year, who, with four Knights of each county chosen by the county, shall hold the said inquests in the county court, on the day and in the place of meeting of the county court.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">19</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Completion of assizes</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And if the said inquests cannot be held on the day of the county court, there shall stay behind as many of the Knights and freeholders who were present at the county court on that day as are necessary for the sufficient making of judgements, according to the amount of the business.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">20</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Let the fine fit the crime not destroy livelihoods</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A freeman shall not be amerced [fined] for a slight offence except in accordance with the degree of the offence, and for a grave offence he shall be amerced in accordance with its gravity, yet saving his way of living [contenementum]; and a merchant in the same way, saving his stock-in-trade [mercandisa]; and a villein shall be amerced in the same way, saving his means of livelihood [waynagium] - if they have fallen into our mercy: and none of the aforesaid amercements shall be imposed except by the oath of upright men of the neighbourhood.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">21</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Barons also</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Earls and Barons shall not be amerced except by their peers, and only in accordance with the degree of the offence.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">22</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Clergymen also</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No clerk shall be amerced in respect of his lay holding except after the manner of the others aforesaid and not in accordance with the amount of his ecclesiastical benefice.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">23</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bridge building Obligations</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No community or individual [nec villa nec homo] shall be compelled to make bridges at river banks, except those who from of old are legally bound to do so.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">24</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Trials Only by those Authorised</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No sheriff, constable, coroners, or other of Our bailiffs, shall try [tencant] pleas of our Crown.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">25</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Rent controlling</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">All counties, hundreds, wapentakes and trithings shall be at the old rents without any additional payment, except our demesne manors.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">26</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Debts to the Crown</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If any one holding a lay fief of Us dies and Our Sheriff or Our Bailiff shows our letters patent of summons for a debt that the deceased owed Us, it shall be lawful for Our Sheriff or Our Bailiff to attach and inventory chattels of the deceased found upon the lay fief to the value of that debt under the supervision of law-worthy men, provided that none of the chattels shall be removed until the debt which is manifest [clarum] has been paid to us in full; and the residue shall be left to the executors for carrying out the will of the deceased. And if nothing is owing to us from him, all the chattels shall go to the deceased, saving to his wife and children their reasonable shares.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">27</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Intestacy</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If any freeman dies without leaving a will, his chattels shall be distributed by his nearest kinsfolk and friends under the supervision of the church, saving to every one of the debts which the deceased owed him.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">28</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compensation for removal of property</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No constable or other bailiff of Ours shall take anyone's corn or other chattels unless he pays spot cash for them or can delay payment by arrangement with the seller.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">29</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Castle/Tile Guard</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No Constable shall compel any Knight to give money instead of castle-guard if he is willing to do Tile Guard himself or through another good man, if for some good reason he cannot do it himself; and if We lead or send him on military service, he shall be exempt from guard in proportion to the time that because of Us he has been on service.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">30</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">No removal of Horses without consent</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No Sheriff or Bailiff of Ours, or anyone else [aliquis alius], shall take the horses or carts of any freeman for transport work save with the agreement of that freeman.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">31</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">No removal of Wood without consent</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Neither We nor Our bailiffs will take other people's timber for castles or other works of Ours except with the agreement of him whose timber it is.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">32</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Land</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Felons</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We will not hold for more than a year and a day the lands of those convicted of felony, and then the lands shall be handed over to the lords of the fiefs.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">33</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fishtraps</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Henceforth all fishtraps shall be cleared completely from the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Thames</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and the Medway and throughout all </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, except along the sea coast.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">34</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">A Writ of Praecipe</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The writ called praecipe shall not in future be issued to anyone in respect of any holding if thereby a freeman may not be tried in his Lord’s court.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">35</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Standardised weights & Measures</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Let there be one measure for wine throughout Our Kingdom, and one measure for ale, and one measure for corn, namely 'the London quarter'; and one width for cloths whether dyed, russet or halberget, namely two ells within the selvedges. Let it he the same with weights as with measures.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">36</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Writs on Life or Limb</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nothing shall be given or taken in future for the writ of inquiry concerning life or limbs, but it shall be granted free of charge and not withheld.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">37</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Wardship of The Crown</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If anyone holds of Us by fee-farm, by socage, or by burgages and holds land of another by Knight service, We will not, by reason of that fee-farm, socage, or burgage, have the wardship of his heir or of his land that is of the fief of the other; nor will We have wardship of the fee-farm, socage, or burgage, unless such fee-farm owes Knight service. We will not have the wardship of anyone's heir or land which he holds of another by Knight service by reason of any petty serjeanty which he holds of us by the service of rendering to us knives or arrows or the like.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">38</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Trial shall Not take place with unsupported evidence</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No bailiff shall in future put anyone to trial upon his own unsupported testimony, without reliable witnesses brought for this purpose.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">39</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guarantee of ‘Law of the land’ for Freemen</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No freeman shall be arrested or imprisoned or disseised or outlawed or exiled or in any way destroyed, neither will we set forth against him or send against him, except by the lawful judgement of his peers and [vel] by the law of the land.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">40</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guarantee of Equal Justice</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">41</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Free Movement of Merchants & the treatment of such when Prisoners of War</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">All merchants shall have safe and secure exit from, and entry into England, and dwelling and travel in England as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, free of all evil tolls, except in time of war and if they are of the land that is at war with us. And if such are found in our lands at the beginning of a war, they shall be taken and kept in custody [attachientur], without injury to their persons or goods, until We, or Our Chief Justiciary, know how merchants of Our land are treated who were found in the land at war with us when war broke out [tunc], and if Ours are safe there, the others shall be safe in our land.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">42</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Freedom to Leave & Enter</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Kingdom</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Without prejudicing the allegiance due to us, it shall be lawful in future for any one to leave our kingdom and return safely and securely by land and water, save, in the public interest, for a short period in time of war - except for those imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the kingdom and natives of a land that is at war with us and merchants (who shall be treated as aforesaid).</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">43</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Escheats</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If anyone who holds of some escheats such as the honor of Wallingford, Nottingham, Boulogne, Lancaster, or of other escheats which are in our hands and are baronies dies, his heir shall give no other relief and do no other service to us than he would have done to the Baron, if that Barony had been in the Baron's hands; and we will hold it in the same manner in which the Baron held it.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">44</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Laws of Foresters</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Men who live outside the forests need not henceforth come before Our Justices of the forest upon a general summons, unless they are impleaded or are sureties for any person or persons who are attached for forest offences.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">45</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Knowledge of the Law</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We will not make Justices, Constables, Sheriffs or bailiffs save of such as know the law of the kingdom and mean to observe it well.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">46</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Wardship of Abbeys</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">All Barons who have founded Abbeys, in respect of which they have charters of the Kings of England or of which they have had long tenure, shall have custody of them in a vacancy, as they ought to have.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">47</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Boundaries of Forests</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">All forests that have been made forest in our time shall be immediately disafforested; and so be it done with riverbanks that have been made preserves by us in our time.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">48</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Evil Customs of the Forests & Forresters</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">All evil customs connected with forests and warrens, foresters and warreners, sheriffs and their officials, riverbanks and their wardens shall immediately be inquired into in each county by twelve sworn Knights of the same county who are to he chosen by good men of the same county, and within forty days of the completion of the inquiry shall be utterly abolished so as never to be restored, provided that We, or Our Justiciary if We are not in England, have previous intimation thereof.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">49</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guarantee of Hostage Return</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We will immediately return all hostages and charters given to us by Englishmen, as security for peace or faithful service.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">50</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Purge of the Poitevin favourites</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We will entirely remove from their bailiwicks the relations of Gerard d'Athee so that in future they shall have no bailiwick in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, namely Engelard de Cigognd, Peter and Guy and Andrew de Chanceaux, Guy de Cigogne, Geoffrey de Martigny and his brothers, Philip Marc and his brothers and his nephew Geoffrey, and all their followings.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">51</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mercenaries Banished</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">As soon as peace is restored, We will remove from the Kingdom all foreign Knights, crossbowmen, serjeants, and mercenaries, who have come with horses and arms to the detriment of the kingdom.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">52</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guarantee of Restoration of both lands & rights</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If any one has been dispossessed or removed by Us without the legal judgement of his peers from his lands, castles, franchises or his right, We will immediately restore them to him; and if a dispute arises over this, then let it be decided by the judgement of the twenty-five Barons who are mentioned below in the clause [61] for securing the peace: for all the things, however, from which any one has been dispossessed or removed without the lawful judgement of his peers by King Henry, Our Father, or by King Richard, Our brother, which We have in Our hand or are held by others, to whom We are bound to warrant them, We will have the usual period of respite of crusaders, excepting those things about which a plea was started or an inquest made by Our command before We took the cross; when however We return from our pilgrimage, or if by any chance We do not go on it We will at once do full justice therein.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">53</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Respite During Crusade</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We will have the same respite, and in the same manner, in the doing of justice in the matter of the de-afforestation or retention of the forests which Henry Our father or Richard Our brother afrorested [cf. clause 47], and in the matter of the wardship of lands which are of the fief of another, wardships of which sort We have hitherto had by reason of a fief which anyone held of Us by Knight service [cf. clause 37], and in the matter of Abbeys founded on the fief of another, not on a fief of our own, in which the Lord of the fief claims he has a right [cf. clause 46]; and when We have returned, or if We do not set out on our pilgrimage, We will at once do full justice to all who complain of these things.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">54</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Appeal of Women!</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">No one shall be arrested or imprisoned upon the appeal of a woman, for the death of anyone except her husband.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">55</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Remission of all unlawful Fines</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">All fines made with Us unjustly and against the law of the land, and all amercements [fines] imposed unjustly and against the law of the land, shall be entirely remitted, or else let them be settled by the judgement of the twenty-five Barons who are mentioned below in the clause [61] for securing the peace, or by the judgement of the majority of the same, along with the aforesaid Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, if he can be present, and such others as he may wish to associate with himself for this purpose, and if he cannot be present the business shall nevertheless proceed without him, provided that if any one or more of the aforesaid twenty-five Barons are in a like suit, they shall be removed from the judgement of the case in question, and others chosen, sworn and put in their place by the rest of the same twenty-five for this case only.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">56</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">theReinstatement of the Rights of Welshmen</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If We have dispossessed or removed Welshmen’s from lands or liberties or other things without the legal judgement of their peers in England or in Wales, they shall be immediately restored to them; and if a dispute arises over this, then let it be decided in the March by the judgement of their peers - for holdings in England according to the law of England, for holdings in Wales according to the law of Wales, and for holdings in the March according to the law of March. Welshmen shall do the same to us and ours.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">57</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Respite for Welsh in line with Crusade</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">For all the things, however, from which any Welshman has been dispossessed or removed without the lawful judgement of his peers by King Henry, Our father, or Richard, Our brother which We have in Our hand or which are held by others, to whom We are bound to warrant them, We will have the usual period of respite of crusaders, excepting those things about which a plea was started or an inquest made by our command before We took the cross; when however We return, or if by chance we do not set out on our pilgrimage, We will at once do full justice in accordance with the laws of the Welsh and the foresaid regions.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">58</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Welsh hostages returned</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We will give up at once the son of Llywelyn and all the hostages from </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and the charters that were handed over to us as security for peace.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">59</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Guarantee of Rights to Alexander King of Scots</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">We will act towards Alexander, King of the Scots, concerning the return of his sisters and hostages and concerning his franchises and his right in the same manner in which We act towards our other Barons of England, unless it ought to be otherwise according to the charters which We have from William his Father, formerly King of the Scots, and this shall be according to the judgement of his peers in our court.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">60</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Liberty</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> for Lesser Tenants</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Moreover, all these aforesaid customs and liberties which We have granted shall be observed in Our Kingdom as far as it pertains to Us towards Our men, all of Our Kingdom, clerks as well as laymen, shall observe as far as it pertains to them towards their men.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">61</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The 25 Barons</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">To</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Enforce</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">the Charter</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">as a Committee</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Since, moreover, for God and the amendment of Our Kingdom and for the better allaying of the discord that has arisen between Us and Our Barons We have granted all these things aforesaid, wishing them to enjoy the use of them unimpaired and unshaken for ever, We give and grant them the underwritten security, namely, that the Barons shall choose any twenty-five Barons of The Kingdom they wish, who must with all their might observe, hold and cause to be observed, the peace and liberties which We have granted and confirmed to them by this present charter of Ours, so that if We, or Our Justiciary, or Our bailiffs or any one of Our servants offend in any way against any one or transgress any of the articles of the peace or the security and the offence be notified to four of the aforesaid twenty-five Barons, those four Barons shall come to Us, or to Our Justiciary if We are out of The Kingdom, and, laying the transgression before Us, shall petition Us to have that transgression corrected without delay. And if we do not correct the transgression, or if We are out of The Kingdom, if Our Justiciary does not correct it, within forty days, reckoning from the time it was brought to our notice or to that of Our Justiciary if We were out of The Kingdom, the aforesaid four Barons shall refer that case to the rest of the twenty-five Barons and those twenty-five Barons together with the Community of the whole land shall distrain and distress Us in every way they can, namely, by seizing castles, lands, possessions, and in such other ways as they can, saving Our Person and the persons of Our Queen and Our children, until, in their opinion, amends have been made; and when amends have been made, they shall obey Us as they did before. And let anyone in the country who wishes to do so take an oath to obey the orders of the said twenty-five Barons for the execution of all the aforesaid matters, and with them to distress Us as much as he can, and we publicly and freely give anyone leave to take the oath who wishes to take it and We will never prohibit anyone from taking it. Indeed, all those in the land who are unwilling of themselves and of their own accord to take an oath to the twenty-five Barons to help them to distrain and distress us, We will make them take the oath as aforesaid at our command. And if any of the twenty-five Barons dies or leaves the country or is in any other way prevented from carrying out the things aforesaid, the remainder of the aforesaid twenty-five Barons shall choose as they think fit another one in his place, and he shall take the oath like the rest. In all matters the execution of which is committed to these twenty-five Barons, if it should happen that these twenty-five are present yet disagree among themselves about anything, or if some of those summoned will not or cannot be present, that shall be held as fixed and established which the majority of those present ordained or commanded, exactly as if all the twenty-five had consented to it; and the said twenty-five shall swear that they will faithfully observe all the things aforesaid and will do all they can to get them observed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And we will procure nothing from anyone, either personally or through any one else, whereby any of these concessions and liberties might be revoked or diminished; and if any such thing be procured let it be void and null, and We will never use it either personally or through another.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">62</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pardon of Trespasses and </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ill</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Will</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">And We have fully remitted and pardoned to everyone all the ill-will, anger and rancour that have arisen between Us and Our men, clergy and laity, from the time of the quarrel. Furthermore, We have fully remitted to all, clergy and laity, and as far as pertains to Us have completely forgiven all trespasses occasioned by the same quarrel between Easter in the sixteenth year of Our Reign and the restoration of peace. And, besides, We have caused to be made for the Barons letters patent, bearing testimony to this security and to the concessions set out above over the seals of the Lord Stephen Archbishop of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Canterbury</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, the Lord Henry Archbishop of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Dublin</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and of the aforementioned Bishops and Master Pandulph.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">63</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.5pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Oath observing the rights of Church & Peoples</span></i></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 310pt;" valign="top" width="413"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wherefore We wish and firmly enjoin that the English church shall be free, and that the men in our kingdom shall have and hold all the aforesaid liberties, rights and concessions well and peacefully, freely and quietly, fully and completely for themselves and their heirs from Us and Our Heirs, in all matters and in all places for ever, as is aforesaid. An oath, moreover, has been taken, as well on our part as on the part of the Barons, that all these things aforesaid shall be observed in good faith and without evil disposition. Witness the above-mentioned and many others. Given by Our hand in the meadow which is called </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Runnymede</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> between </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Windsor</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Staines</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> on the fifteenth day of June, in the seventeenth year of Our Reign.</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There is NO CopyRight on this document, <b><span style="color: red;">which is one of many 1,000s of items freely available on</span> </b><a href="http://www.silentmajority.co.uk/">http://www.SilentMajority.co.UK</a> [some 20Mbs.] which contains 1,000s of apposite quotations, Articles, Speeches, Commentaries, ArtWork, & The FULL text of The EU Treaties, Several Related Books, The British Constitution, The American Constitution & Numerous related Items.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">SilentMajority nor any associate thereof does NOT vouch for the veracity of the documents hosted on its site nor any foreign language documents thereon & advises you consult your own solicitor on legal details as we do not accept liability for, nor presume to give legal advice ourselves.</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">THIS ITEM:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Was provided free of charge <a href="http://gl-w-documents.blogspot.com/">http://gl-w-documents.blogspot.com</a> <b><i><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;"></span></span></i></b><span style="color: green;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">IF YOU wish to use the Material Above, which is freely provided</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">Please have the Courtesy to Print It out in its entirety from start to finish with NO alterations, as displayed.</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 36pt;">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">To This Point</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div><br />
Regards,<br />
Greg L-W. <b> </b><br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><br />
<b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU. <br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=e31360bb-3ee9-4dfd-abc0-0d07d64e42da" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-17706329685470275972011-03-19T14:30:00.000+00:002011-03-19T14:30:27.732+00:00#GD030* - DEVOLUTION of BRITAIN'S REGIONS for The EU<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">#GD030* - DEVOLUTION of BRITAIN'S REGIONS for The EU</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">To understand what an Assembly for </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, or any other of the 12 silly little Regional Assemblies, will really mean</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO7EyB_TJfEJobM1cKCcGgnPxEhc8aLD8-Diui5IVUm42DsN3jZHlaZy-XLVDBiVA1OYPvWncdqoUiRRyyeUcxP4aRrXtkTaFQ3ffrvbn2BImXCYE1AHkku3ZQ-HVlpDcLv5CxzTu2-c0/s1600/EU+BRITISH+DEVOLVED+REGIONS+01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO7EyB_TJfEJobM1cKCcGgnPxEhc8aLD8-Diui5IVUm42DsN3jZHlaZy-XLVDBiVA1OYPvWncdqoUiRRyyeUcxP4aRrXtkTaFQ3ffrvbn2BImXCYE1AHkku3ZQ-HVlpDcLv5CxzTu2-c0/s400/EU+BRITISH+DEVOLVED+REGIONS+01.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">requires reading the relevant Articles [263 – 265] of:</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><span id="goog_453511647"></span><span id="goog_453511648"></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">The Consolidated Treaty Establishing</span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community" rel="wikipedia" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a>,</span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">Just Regions of The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" rel="wikipedia" title="European Union">EU</a>:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaLSkfCYS0-js2vm76NHjmNehbwVw5YpgA_X9XJhI3Nc5T6vKdIOwLANRSgie6hQ5VEHaIxXtD65_9iYFf_DgtC1Js4jhWvX3zN2O9FuVhMyFZG0HCS5ZeFDmclvnVdTzkz6q3p-QRA-A/s1600/EU+BRITISH+DEVOLVED+REGIONS+02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaLSkfCYS0-js2vm76NHjmNehbwVw5YpgA_X9XJhI3Nc5T6vKdIOwLANRSgie6hQ5VEHaIxXtD65_9iYFf_DgtC1Js4jhWvX3zN2O9FuVhMyFZG0HCS5ZeFDmclvnVdTzkz6q3p-QRA-A/s320/EU+BRITISH+DEVOLVED+REGIONS+02.jpg" width="292" /></a></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;"></span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">Title II, The Treaty Establishing The European Community, Part Five, Title I, Provisions Governing The Institutions, Chapter 4, The Committee Of The Regions</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">:</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE <b>263</b></span></u></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (ex Article 198 a)</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">A Committee consisting of representatives of regional and local bodies, hereinafter referred to as ‘the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_the_Regions" rel="wikipedia" title="Committee of the Regions">Committee of the Regions</a>’, is hereby established with advisory status.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The number of members of the Committee of the Regions shall be as follows:</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Belgium 12; Denmark 9; Germany 24; Greece 12; Spain 21; France 24; Ireland 9; Italy 24; Luxembourg 6; Netherlands 12; Austria 12; Portugal 12; Finland 9; Sweden 12; <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.5,-0.116666666667&spn=10.0,10.0&q=51.5,-0.116666666667%20%28United%20Kingdom%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 24.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The members of the Committee and an equal number of alternate members shall be appointed for four years by the Council acting unanimously on proposals from the respective <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" rel="wikipedia" title="Member state of the European Union">Member States</a>. Their term of office shall be renewable. <b>No member of the Committee shall at the same time be a <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" rel="wikipedia" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a></b>.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The members of the Committee may not be bound by any mandatory instructions. They shall be completely independent in the performance of their duties, in the general interest of the Community.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE <b>264</b></span></u></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (ex Article 198 b)</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Committee of the Regions shall elect its chairman and officers from among its members for a term of two years.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It shall adopt its <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" rel="wikipedia" title="Parliamentary procedure">Rules of Procedure</a></span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Committee shall be convened by its chairman at the request of the Council or of the Commission. It may also meet on its own initiative,</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE <b>265</b></span></u></i><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> (ex Article 198 c)</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Committee of the Regions shall be consulted by the Council or by the Commission where this Treaty so provides and in all other cases, <b>in particular those which concern cross-border co-operation</b>, in which one of these two institutions considers it appropriate.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Council or the Commission shall, if it considers it necessary, set the Committee, for the submission of its opinion, a time-limit which may not be less than one month from the date on which the chairman receives notification to this effect. Upon expiry of the time-limit, absence of an opinion shall not prevent further action.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Where the Economic and Social Committee is consulted pursuant to Article <b>262</b>, the Committee of the Regions shall be informed by the Council or the Commission of the request for an opinion. Where it considers that specific regional interests are involved, the Committee of the Regions may issue an opinion on the matter.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The Committee of the Regions may be consulted by the European Parliament</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">It may issue an opinion on its own initiative in cases in which it considers such action appropriate.</span></i></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The opinion of the Committee, together with a record of the proceedings, shall be forwarded to the Council and to the Commission.</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">In short that pretentious load of Eurospeak boils down to </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> will have no authority, no say, no representation & there will be 444 extra representatives to pay for in </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. Plus, of course, all their staff and all their expenses - but no more democracy and no more control over the un elected dictator committee – the European Commissioners.</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Let us look at what it means point by point</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">:</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> will have 24 members with 24 alternates on a Committee with 222 members and 444 members and alternates in total.</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Member</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">State</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> [in our case the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">] shall propose members, thus </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> has no representation enshrined in European law. These proposals must be <i>unanimously</i> approved by the Council (of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">). Thus every </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> member could be proposed from one region.</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">If the Council <i>approves</i> the proposal, the Council can renew their term of office.</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Nowhere herein does it say that members represent a region [viz. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">], in fact it expressly states that they shall not have a <i>mandate or be bound by instruction</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Members are not elected, they are <i>proposed</i> by </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Westminster</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and <i>appointed</i> by the Council & their loyalty must be to </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>‘..performance of their duties, in the general interest of the Community</i>’.</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">‘<i>It shall adopt its own Rules of Procedure</i>.’ = It shall become a law unto itself?</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">The entirety of Article 265 says nothing other than the Committee shall have freedom of speech. The implication being that citizens of the new State of Europe do not have freedom of speech.</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There is no undertaking that the Committee has to be consulted, nor that anything it says has to be listened to. Therefore since it has no authority, no area of jurisdiction and no responsibility it has no reason to exist. Just another costly waffle shop!</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Let us assume that what was the </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">United Kingdom</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> decides to give two memberships on this new Committee and two alternates to each of the twelve economic regions, in the British economic subsidiary region of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> would then have two votes, in isolation, out of 222 votes on the Committee of the Regions, less than 1% influence. To add insult to injury MEPs representing </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> are outnumbered 100 to 1 in the European Parliament, less than 1% influence again. This is what being master of ones own destiny and having an Assembly for </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> means for the people of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> and every other, of the 12, economic regions in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Britain</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">There are some, I am sure, who honestly believe that an Assembly for Wales is a good idea for Wales</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitoDDvmYBu2rfs1O7pMIRhehWwWpLA-0nulT5GYN6ddjb41gUrAlEF70PODkCiAJfywPRuTp9Fl4oNoN6Yx4Ykwp-8SJ4_klO2CZtzINLIUNQt2Rm2motMBGunD0b5kXfDCECf4x1SAH8/s1600/EU+BRITISH+DEVOLVED+REGIONS+03+WALES.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitoDDvmYBu2rfs1O7pMIRhehWwWpLA-0nulT5GYN6ddjb41gUrAlEF70PODkCiAJfywPRuTp9Fl4oNoN6Yx4Ykwp-8SJ4_klO2CZtzINLIUNQt2Rm2motMBGunD0b5kXfDCECf4x1SAH8/s1600/EU+BRITISH+DEVOLVED+REGIONS+03+WALES.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.golfeurope.com/maps/wales.gif" target="_top"><span style="color: #0000cc; text-decoration: none;"><span></span></span></a><br />
Some will welcome the removal of benevolent control, albeit sometimes misguided, from </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Westminster</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> – surely they can not welcome direct rule by the un elected dictator committee that rules </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, the European Commissioners. Some may feel that two more tiers of Government will help </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Wales</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">, I can not for the life of me see how – the more tiers of Government the further from the electorate decision</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">IF YOU wish to use the Material Above, which is freely provided</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">Please have the Courtesy to Print It out in its entirety from start to finish with NO alterations, as displayed.</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 36pt;">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">To This Point</span></b></div><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div>Regards,<br />
Greg L-W.<br />
<br />
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<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b><br />
‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
<br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
<br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
<br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers. <br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=8609c245-e5ad-4711-b4f6-9314e9061a85" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-24282663742526971032011-03-07T16:53:00.000+00:002011-03-07T16:53:52.655+00:00#GD029* - LEVELLERS, The - 1649 Leveller's Manifesto#GD029* - LEVELLERS, The - 1649 Leveller's Manifesto<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="zemanta-img separator zemanta-action-dragged" style="clear: both; float: none; text-align: center;"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Lilburne_big_9.gif" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John Lilburne big 9" height="350" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/John_Lilburne_big_9.gif/300px-John_Lilburne_big_9.gif" style="border: medium none; font-size: 0.8em;" width="300" /></a><span class="zemanta-img-attribution" style="clear: both; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">Image via <a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Lilburne_big_9.gif">Wikipedia</a></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levellers" rel="wikipedia" title="Levellers">Levellers</a></b> </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>1649: <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lilburne" rel="wikipedia" title="John Lilburne">John Lilburne</a>'s Leveller Manifesto </b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">This pamphlet is in print and available from your bookshop <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" rel="wikipedia" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> 0 9528072 5 </span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>AN</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>A G R E E M E N T</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>OF THE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.freepeople.com/" rel="homepage" title="Free People">Free People</a> of England.</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tendered as a Peace-Offering to</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">this distressed Nation. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B Y </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lieutenant Colonel John Lilburne, Master <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walwyn" rel="wikipedia" title="William Walwyn">William Walwyn</a>, Master <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Prince" rel="wikipedia" title="Thomas Prince">Thomas Prince</a>, and Master <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overton" rel="wikipedia" title="Richard Overton">Richard Overton</a>, Prisoners in the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.5080555556,-0.0761111111111&spn=0.01,0.01&q=51.5080555556,-0.0761111111111%20%28Tower%20of%20London%29&t=h" rel="geolocation" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, May the 1. 1649. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Matthew chapter 5, verse 9: </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Blessed are the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_makers" rel="wikipedia" title="Peace makers">Peace-makers</a> for they shall be called the children of God. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">A Preparative to all sorts of people: </span></b></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If afflictions make men wise, and wisdom direct to happinesse, then certainly this Nation is not far from such a degree thereof, as may compare if not far exceed, any part of the world: having for some yeares by-past, drunk deep of the Cup of misery and sorrow. We blesse God our consciences are cleer from adding affliction to affliction, having ever laboured from the beginning, of our publick distractions, to compose and reconcile them: & should esteem it the Crown of all our temporal felicity that yet we might be instrumentall in procuring the peace and prosperity of this Common-wealth the land of our Nativity. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And therefore according to our promise in our late manifestation of the 14 of Aprill 1649. (being perswaded of the necessitie and justnesse thereof) as a Peace-Offering to the Free people of this Nation, we tender this ensuing Agreement, not knowing any more effectuall means to put a finall period to all our feares and troubles. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a way of settlement, though at first much startled at by some in high authority; yet according to the nature of truth, it hath made its own way into the understanding, and taken root in most mens hearts and affections, so that we have reall ground to hope (what ever shall become of us) that our earnest desires and indeavours for good to the people will not altogether be null and frustrate. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The life of all things is in the right use and application, which is not our worke only, but every mans concience must look to it selfe, and not dreame out more seasons and opportunities. And this we trust will satisfie all ingenuous people that we are not such wilde, irrationall, dangerous Creatures as we have been aspersed to be; This agreement being the ultimate end and full scope of all our desires and intentions concerning the Government of this Nation, and wherein we shall absolutely rest satisfied and acquiesce; nor did we ever give just cause for any to beleeve worse of us by any thing either said or done by us, and which would not in the least be doubted, but that men consider not the interest of those that have so unchristian-like made bold with our good names; but we must bear with men of such interests as are opposite to any part of this Agreement, when neither our Saviour nor his Apostles innocency could stop such mens mouthes whose interests their doctrines and practises did extirpate: And therefore if friends at least would but consider what interests men relate to, whilst they are telling or whispering their aspersions against us, they would find the reason and save us a great deale of labour in clearing our selves, it being a remarkable signe of an ill cause when aspersions supply the place of Arguments. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We blesse God that he hath given us time and hearts to bring it to this issue, what further he hath for us to do is yet only knowne to his wisdom, to whose will and pleasure we shall willingly submit; we have if we look with the eyes of frailty, enemies like the sons of Anak, but if with the eyes of faith and confidence in a righteous God and a just cause, we see more with us then against us, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">From our causelesse captivity in the Tower ---------- John Lilburn. William Walwyn. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">of London, May 1. 1649.-----------Thomas Prince. Richard Overton. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">___________________________________________________</span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The Agreement it selfe thus followeth.</b> </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">After the long and tedious prosecution of a most unnaturall cruell, homebred war, occasioned by divisions and distempers amongst our selves, and those distempers arising from the uncertaintie of our Government, and the exercise of un-limited or Arbitrary power, by such as have been trusted with supreme and subordinate Authority, whereby multitudes of grevances and intolerable oppressions have been brought upon us. And finding after eight yeares experience and expectation all indeavours hitherto used, or remedies hitherto applyed, to have encreased rather than diminished our distractions, and that if not speedily prevented our falling againe into factions and divisions; will not only deprive us of the benefit of all those wonderful Victories God hath vouchsafed against such as fought our bondage, but expose us first to poverty and misery, and then to be destroyed by forraigne enemies. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And being earnestly desirous to make a right use of that opportunity God hath given us to make this Nation Free and Happy, to reconcile our differences, and beget a perfect amitie and friendship once more amongst us, that we may stand clear in our consciences before Almighty God, as unbyassed by any corrupt Interest or particular advantages, and manifest to all the world that our indeavours have not proceeded from malice to the persons of any, or enmity against opinions; but in reference to the peace and prosperity of the Common-wealth, and for prevention of like distractions, and removall of all grievances; We the free People of England, to whom God hath given hearts, means and opportunity to effect the same, do with submission to his wisdom, in his name, and desiring the equity thereof may be to his praise and glory; Agree to ascertain our Government, to abolish all arbitrary Power, and to set bounds and limits both to our Supreme, and all Subordinate Authority, and remove all known Grievances. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And accordingly do declare and publish to all the world, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>That we are agreed as followeth</b>, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I.---That the Supreme Authority of England and the Territories therewith incorporate, shall be and reside henceforward in a Representative of the People consisting of four hundred persons, but no more; in the choice of whom (according to naturall right) all men of the age of one and twenty yeers and upwards (not being servants, or receiving alms, or having served in the late King in Arms or voluntary Contributions) shall have their voices; and be capable of being elected to that Supreme Trust those who served the King being disabled for ten years onely. All things concerning the distribution of the said four hundred Members proportionable to the respective parts of the Nation, the severall places for Election, the manner of giving and taking Voyces, with all Circumstances of like nature, tending to the compleating and equall proceedings at Elections, as also their Salary, is referred to be setled by this present Parliament, in such sort as the next Representative may be in a certain capacity to meet with safety at the time herein expressed: and such circumstances to be made more perfect by future Representatives. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">II. --- That two hundred of the four hundred Members, and not lesse, shall be taken and esteemed for a competent Representative; and the major Voyces present shall be concluding to this Nation. The place of Session, and choice of a Speaker, with other circumstances of that nature, are referred to the care of this and future Representatives. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">III. --- And to the end all publick Officers may be certainly accountable, and no Factions made to maintain corrupt Interests, no Officers of any salary Forces in Army or Garison, nor any Treasurer or Receiver of publick monies, shall (while such) be elected a Member for any Representative; and if any Lawyer shall at any time be chosen, he shall be uncapable of practice as a Lawyer, during the whole time of that Trust. And for the same reason, and that all persons may be capable of subjection as well as rule. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IIII. --- That no Member of the present Parliament shall be capable of being elected of the next Representative, nor any Member of any future Representative shall be capable of being chosen for the Representative immediately succeeding: but are free to be chosen, one Representative having intervened: Nor shall any Member of any Representative be made either Receiver, Treasurer, or other Officer during that imployment. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">V. --- That for avoyding the many dangers and inconveniences apparantly arising from the long continuance of the same persons in Authority; We Agree, that this present Parliament shall end the first Wednesday in August next 1649, and thenceforth be of no power or Authority: and in the mean time shall order and direct the Election of a new and equall Representative, according to the true intent of this our Agreement: and so as the next Representative may meet and sit in power and Authority as an effectuall Representative upon the day following; namely, the first Thursday of the same August, 1649. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">VI. --- We agree, if the present Parliament shall omit to order such Election or Meeting of a new Representative; or shall by any means be hindered from performance of that Trust: </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">That in such case, we shall for the next Representative proceed in electing thereof in those places, & according to that manner & number formerly accustomed in the choice of Knights and Burgesses; observing onely the exceptions of such persons from being Electors or Elected, as are mentioned before in the first, third and fourth Heads of this Agreement: It being most unreasonable that we should either be kept from new, frequent and successive Representatives, or that the supreme Authority should fall into the hands of such as have manifested disaffection to our common Freedom, and endeavoured the bondage of the Nation. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">VII. --- And for preserving the supreme authority from falling into the hands of any whom the people have not, and shall not chuse, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We are resolved and agreed (God willing) that a new Representative shall be upon the first Thursday in August next aforesaid : the ordering and disposing of themselves, as to the choice of a speaker, and the like circumstances, is hereby left to their discretion : But are in the extent and exercise of Power, to follow the direction and rules of this agreement ; and are hereby authorised and required according to their best judgements, to set rules for future equall distribution, and election of Members as is herein intended and enjoyned to be done, by the present Parliament. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">VIII. --- And for the preservation of the supreme Authority ( in all times ) entirely in the hands of such persons only as shal be chosen thereunto - we agree and declare: That the next & all future Representatives, shall continue in full power for the space of one whole year : and that the people shall of course, chuse a Parliament once every year, so as all the members thereof may be in a capacity to meet, and take place of the foregoing Representative : the first Thursday in every August for ever if God so please; Also ( for the same reason ) that the next or any future Representative being met, may continue their Session day by day without intermission for four monthes at the least ; and after that shall be at Liberty to adjuorn from two monthes to two months, as they shall see cause untill their yeer be expired, but shall sit no longer than a yeer upon pain of treason to every member that shall exceed that time : and in times of adjurnment shall not erect a Councel of State, but refer the managing of affairs in the intervals to a Committee of their own members giving such instructions, and publish them, as in no measure shall contradict this agreement. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IX. --- And that none henceforth may be ignorant or doubtful concerning the power of the Supreme authority, and of the affairs, about which the same is to be conversant and exercised : we agree and declare, that the power of Representatives shall extend without the consent or concurrence of any other person or persons, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1 --- To the conservation of Peace and commerce with forrain Nations. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2 --- To the preservation of those safe guards, and securities of our lives, limbes, liberties, properties, and estates, contained in the Petition of Right, made and enacted in the third year of the late King. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3 --- To the raising of moneys, and generally to all things as shall be evidently conducing to those ends, or to the enlargement of our freedom, redress of grievances, and prosperity of the Common-wealth. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For security whereof, having by wofull experience found the prevalence of corrupt interests powerfully inclining most men once entrusted with authority, to pervert the same to their own domination, and to the prejudice of our Peace and Liberties, we therefore further agree and declare. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">X. --- That we do not inpower or entrust our said representatives to continue in force, or to make any Lawes, Oaths, or Covenants, whereby to compell by penalties or otherwise any person to any thing in or about matters of faith, Religion or Gods worship or to restrain any person from the profession of his faith, or to exercise of Religion according to his Conscience, nothing having caused more distractions, and heart burnings in all ages, then persecution and molestation for matters of Conscience in and about Religion : </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XI. --- We doe not impower them to impresse or constraint any person to serve in war by Sea or Land every mans Concience being to be satisfied in the justness of that cause wherein he hazards his own life, or may destroy an others. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And for the quieting of all differences, and abolishing of all enmity and rancour; as much as is now possible for us to effect. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XII. --- We agree, That after the end of this present Parliament, no person shall be questioned for anything said or done in reference to the late Warres, or publique differences; otherwise then in persuance of the determinations of the present Parliament, against such as have adhered to the King against the Liberties of the people : And saving that Accomptants for publick moneys received, shall remain accomptable for the same. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XIII. --- That all priviledges or exemptions of any persons from the Lawes, or from the ordinary course of Legall proceedings, by vertue of any Tenure, Grant, Charter, Patent, Degree, or Birth, or of any place of residence, or refuge, or priviledge of Parliament, shall be henceforth void and null; and the like not to be made nor revived again. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XIIII. --- We doe not impower them to give judgment upon any ones person or estate, where no Law hath been before provided, nor to give power to any other Court or Jurisdiction so to do, Because where there is no Law, there is no transgression, for men or Magistrates to take Cognisance of; neither doe we impower them to intermeddle with the execution of any Law whatsoever. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XV. --- And that we may remove all long setled Grievances, and thereby as farre as we are able, take away all cause of complaints, and no longer depend upon the uncertain inclination of Parliaments to remove them, nor trouble our selves or them with Petitions after Petitions, as hath been accustomed, without fruit or benefit; and knowing no cause why any should repine at our removall of them, except such as make advantage by their continuance, or are related to some corrupt Interests, which we are not to regard. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We agree and Declare, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XVI. --- That it shall not be in the power of any Representative, to punish, or cause to be punished, any person or persons for refusing to answer questions against themselves in Criminall cases. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XVII.--- That it shall not be in their power, after the end of the next Representative, to continue or constitute any proceedings in Law that shall be longer then Six months in the final determination of any cause past all Appeal, nor to continue the Laws or proceedings therein in any other Languege then English, nor to hinder any person or persons from pleading their own Causes, or of making use of whom they please to plead for them. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The reducing of these and other the like provisions of this nature on this Agreement provided, and which could not now in all particulars be perfected by us, is intended by us to be the proper works of faithful Representatives. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XVIII. --- That it shall not be in their power to continue to make any Laws to abridge or hinder any person or persons, from trading or merchandising into any place beyond the Seas, where any of this Nation are free to trade. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XIX. --- That it shall not be in their power to excise Customes upon any sort of Food, or any other Goods, Wares or Commodities, longer than four months after the beginning of the next Representative, being both of them extreme burthensome and oppressive to Trade, and so expensive in the Receipt, as the moneys expended therein ( if collected as Subsidies have been ) would extend very far towards defraying the publick Charges; and forasmuch as all Moneys to be raised are drawn from the People ; such burthensome and chargeable wayes, shall never more be revived, nor shall they raise Moneys by any other ways ( after the aforesaid time ) but only by an equal rate in the pound upon every reall and personall estate in the Nation. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XX. --- That it shall not be in their power to make or continue any Law, whereby mens reall or personall estates, or any part thereof, shall be exempted from payment of their debts ; or to imprison any person for debt of any nature, it being both unchristian in itself, and no advantage to the Creditors, and both a reproach and prejudice to the Common-wealth. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXI. --- That it shall not be in their power to continue any Law, for taking away any mans life except for murther, or other the like hainous offences destructive to humane Society, or for endevouring by force to destroy this our Agreement, but shall use their uttermost endeavour to appoint punishments equall to offences: that so mens Lives, Limbs, Liberties, and estates, may not be liable to be taken away upon trivial or slight occasions as they have been; and shall have speciall care to preserve, al sorts of people from wickedness misery and beggery: nor shall the estate of any capitall offendor be confiscate but in cases of treason only; and in all other capitall offences recompense shall be made to the parties damnified, as well out of the estate of the Malifactor, as by loss of life, according to the conscience of his jury. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXII. --- That it shall not be in their power to continue or make any Law, to deprive any person, in case of Tryals for Life, Limb, Liberty, or Estate, from the benefit of witnesses, on his, or their behalf; nor deprive any person of those priviledges, and liberties, contained in the Petition of Right, made in the third yeer of the late King Charls. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXIII. --- That it shall not be in their power to continue the Grievance of Tithes, longer then to the end of the next Representative ; in which time, they shall provide to give reasonable satisfaction to all Impropriators ; neither shall they force by penalties or otherwise, any person to pay towards the maintenance of the Ministers, who out of conscience cannot submit thereunto. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXIV. --- That it shall not be in their power to impose Ministers upon any respective Parishes, but shall give free liberty to the parishioners of every particular parish, to chuse such as themselves shall approve ; and upon such terms, and such reward, as themselves shall be willing to contribute, or shall contract for. Provided, none be chusers but such as are capable of electing Representatives. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXV. --- That it shal not be in their power, to continue or make a law, for any other way of Judgments, or Conviction of life, limb, liberty, or estate, but onely by twelve sworn men of the Neighbor-hood ; to be chosen in some free way by the people; to be directed before the end of next Representative, and not picked and imposed, as hitherto in many places they have been. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXVI. --- They shall not disable any person from bearing any office in the Commonwealth, for any opinion or practice in Religion excepting such as maintain the Popes ( or other forraign ) Supremacy. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXVII. --- That it shall not be in their power to impose any publike officer upon any Counties, Hundreds, Cities, Towns, or Borroughs ; but the people capable by this Agreement to chuse Representatives, shall chuse all their publike Officers that are in any kinde to administer the Law for their respective places, for one whole yeer, and no longer, and so from yeer to yeer : and this as an especial means to avoyd Factions, and Parties. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And that no person may have just cause to complain, by reason of taking away the Excise and Customs, we agree, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXVIII. --- That the next, and all future Representatives shall exactly keep the publike Faith, and give ful satisfaction, for all securitie, debts, arrears or damages, ( justly chargeable ) out of the publike Treasury ; and shall confirm and make good all just publike Purchases and Contracts that have been, or shall be made ; save that the next Representative may confirm or make null in part or in whole, all gifts of Lands, Moneys, Offices, or otherwise made by the present Parliament, to any Member of the House of Commons, or to any of the Lords, or to any of the attendants of either of them. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And for as much as nothing threateneth greater danger to the Commonwealth, then that the Military power should by any means come to be superior to the Civil Authority, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXIX. --- We declare and agree, That no Forces shal be raised, but by the Representatives, for the time being ; and in raising thereof, that they exactly observe the Rules, namely, That they allot to each particular County, City, Town, and Borrugh, the raising, furnishing, agreeing and paying of a due proportion, according to the whole number to be levyed ; and shall to the Electors of Representatives in each respective place, give Free liberty, to nominate and appoint all Officers appertaining to Regiments, Troops, and Companies, and to remove them as they shall see cause, Reserving to the Representative, the nominating, and appointing onely of the General, and all General Officers ; and the ordering, regulating and commanding of them all, upon what service shall seem to them necessary for the Safety, Peace, and Freedom of the Commonwealth. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And in as much as we have found by sad experience, That generally men make little or nothing, to innovate in Government to exceed their time and power in places of trust, to introduce an Arbitrary, and Tyrannical power, and to overturn all things into Anarchy and Confusion, where there are no penalties imposed for such destructive crimes and offences. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">XXX. --- We therefore agree and declare, That it shall not be in the power of any Representative, in any wise, to render up, or give, or take away any part of this Agreement, nor level mens Estates, destroy Propriety, or make all things Common : And if any Representative shall endevor, as a Representative, to destroy this Agreement, every Member present in the House, not entering or immediately publishing his dissent, shall incur the pain due to High Treason, and proceeded against accordingly ; and if any person or persons, shall by force endevor to contrive, the destruction thereof, each person so doing, shall likewise be dealt withal as in case of Treason. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And if any person shal by force of Arms disturb Elections of Representatives, he shall incurr the penalty of a Riot ; and if any person not capable of being an Elector, or Elected, shal intrude themselves amongst those that are, or any persons shall behave themselves rudely and disorderly, such persons shall be liable to a presentment by a grand Inquest and to an indictment upon misdemeanor ; and be fined and otherwise punish' d according to the discretion and verdict of a Jury. And all Laws made, or that shall be made contrary to any part of this Agreement, are hereby made null and void. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thus, as becometh a free People, thankfull unto God for this blessed opportunity, and desirous to make use thereof to his glory, in taking of every yoak, and removing every burthen, in delivering the captive, and setting the oppressed free ; we have in all the particular Heads forementioned, done as we would be done unto, and as we trust in God will abolish all occasion of offence and discord, and produce the lasting Peace and Prosperity of this Common wealth: and accordingly do in the sincerity of our hearts and consciences, as in the presence of Almighty God, give cleer testimony of our absolute agreement to all and every part hereof by subscribing our hands thereunto. Dated the first day of May, in the Yeer of our Lord 1 6 4 9 . </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">John Lilburn. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">William Walwyn. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thomas Prince. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Richard Overton. </span></div><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b> <br />
<div></div>Regards, Greg L-W. <b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU. <br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks. <br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b> <br />
<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945. <br />
<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum. <br />
<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers. <br />
<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=e3d0c43b-18af-46f9-a4c4-3811fc2ce689" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9051276344832618261.post-69592147366288415742010-12-20T08:53:00.000+00:002010-12-20T08:53:13.481+00:00#GD028* - BILL of RIGHTS 1688<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>"<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" rel="wikipedia" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1688</a>"</b></span></div><br />
An Act Declareing the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Setleing the Succession of the Crowne<br />
<br />
Whereas the Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons assembled at Westminster lawfully fully and freely representing all the Estates of the People of this Realme did upon the thirteenth day of February in the yeare of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty eight present unto their Majesties then called and known by the Names and Stile of William and Mary Prince and Princesse of Orange being present in their proper Persons a certaine Declaration in Writeing made by the said Lords and Commons in the Words following viz<br />
<br />
Whereas the late King James the Second by the Assistance of diverse evill Counsellors Judges and Ministers imployed by him did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" rel="wikipedia" title="Protestantism">Protestant Religion</a> and the Lawes and Liberties of this Kingdome<br />
<br />
1. By Assumeing and Exerciseing a Power of Dispensing with and Suspending of Lawes and the Execution of Lawes without consent of Parlyament.<br />
<br />
2. By Committing and Prosecuting diverse Worthy Prelates for humbly Petitioning to be excused from Concurring to the said Assumed Power.<br />
<br />
3. By issueing and causeing to be executed a Commission under the Great Seale for Erecting a Court called The Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiasticall Causes.<br />
<br />
4. By Levying Money for and to the Use of the Crown by pretence of Prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parlyament.<br />
<br />
5. By raising and keeping a Standing Army within this Kingdome in time of Peace without Consent of Parlyament and Quartering Soldiers contrary to Law.<br />
<br />
6. By causing several good Subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law.<br />
<br />
7. By Violating the Freedome of Election of Members to serve in Parlyament.<br />
<br />
8. By Prosecutions in the Court of Kings Bench for Matters and Causes cognizable onely in Parlyament and by diverse other Arbitrary and Illegal Courses.<br />
<br />
9. And whereas of late years Partial Corrupt and Unqualifyed Persons have been returned and served on Juryes in Tryalls and particularly diverse Jurors in Tryalls for High Treason which were not Freeholders.<br />
<br />
10. And excessive Baile hath beene required of Persons committed in Criminall Cases to elude the Benefitt of the Lawes made for the Liberty of the Subjects.<br />
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11. And excessive Fines have been imposed.<br />
<br />
12. And illegall and cruell Punishments inflicted.<br />
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13. And severall Grants and Promises made of Fines and Forfeitures before any Conviction or Judgement against the Personsupon whome the same were to be levied.<br />
<br />
All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known Lawes and Statutes and Freedome of this Realme.<br />
<br />
And whereas the said late King James the Second haveing Abdicated the Government and the Throne being thereby Vacant, his [Highnesse] the Prince of Orange (whome it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious Instrument of Delivering this Kingdome from Popery and Arbitrary Power) did (by the advice of the Lords Spirituall and Temporall and diverse principall Persons of the Commons) cause<br />
<br />
Letters to be written to the Lords Spirituall and Temporall being Protestants and other Letters to the severall Countyes Cityes Universities Burroughs and Cinque Ports for the Choosing of such Persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parlyament to at Westminster upon the two and twentyeth day of January in this Yeare one thousand six hundred eighty and eight in order to such an Establishment as that their Religion Lawes and Liberties might not againe be in danger of being Subverted, Upon which Letters Elections haveing beene accordingly made.<br />
<br />
And thereupon the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this nation takeing into their most serious Consideration the best meanes for attaining the Ends aforesaid Doe in the first place (as their Auncestors in like Case have usually done) for the Vindicating and Asserting their auntient Rights and Liberties, Declare;<br />
<br />
1. That the pretended Power of Suspending of Lawes or the Execution of Lawes by Regall Authority without Consent of Parlyament is illegall.<br />
<br />
2. That the pretended Power of Dispensing with Lawes or the Execution of Lawes by Regal Authoritie as it hath beene assumed and exercised of late is illegall.<br />
<br />
3. That the Commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiasticall Causes and all other Commissions and Courts of like nature are Illegall and Pernicious.<br />
<br />
4. That levying Money for or to the Use of the Crowne by pretence of Prerogative without Grant of Parlyament for longer time or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted is Illegall.<br />
<br />
5. That it is the Right of the Subjects to petition the King and all Commitments and Prosecutions for such Petitioning are Illegall.<br />
<br />
6. That the raising or keeping a standing Army within the Kingdome in time of Peace unlesse it be with Consent of Parlyament is against Law.<br />
<br />
7. That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law.<br />
<br />
8. That Election of Members of Parlyament ought to be free.<br />
<br />
9. That the Freedome of Speech and Debates or Proceedings in Parlyament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any Court or Place out of Parlyament.<br />
<br />
10. That excessive Baile ought not to be required nor excessive Fines imposed nor cruell and unusuall Punishments inflicted.<br />
<br />
11. That Jurors ought to be duely impannelled and returned and Jurors which passe upon Men in Trialls for High Treason ought to be Freeholders.<br />
<br />
12. That all Grants and Promises of Fines and Forfeitures of particular persons before Conviction are illegall and void.<br />
<br />
13. And that for Redresse of all Grievances and for the amending strengthening and preserveing of the Lawes Parlyaments ought to be held frequently.<br />
<br />
And they do Claime Demand and Insist upon all and singular the Premises as their undoubted Rights and Liberties and that noe Declarations Judgments Doeings or Proceedings to the Prejudice of the People in any of the said Premisses ought in any wise to be drawne hereafter into Consequence or Example.<br />
<br />
To which Demand of their Rights they are particularly encouraged by the Declaration of his Highnesse the Prince of Orange as being the onley means for obtaining a full Redresse and Remedy therein. Haveing therefore an entire Confidence That his said Highnesse the Prince of Orange will perfect the Deliverance so farr advanced by him and will still preserve them from the Violation of their Rights which they have here asserted and from all other Attempts upon their Religion Rights and Liberties. The said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons assembled at Westminster doe Resolve that William and Mary Prince and Princesse of Orange be and be declared King and Queene of England France and Ireland and the Dominions thereunto belonging to hold the Crowne and Royall Dignity of the said Kingdomes and Dominions to them the said Prince and Princesse dureing their Lives and the Life of the Survivour of them And that the sole and full Exercise of the Regall Power be onely in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the Names of the said Prince and Princesse dureing their joynt Lives And after their Deceases the said Crowne and Royall Dignitie of the said Kingdoms and Dominions to be to the Heires of the Body of the said Princesse and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmarke and the Heires of her Body And for default of such Issue to the Heires of the Body of the said Prince of Orange. And the Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons doe pray the said Prince and Princesse to accept the same accordingly.<br />
<br />
And that the Oathes hereafter mentioned be taken by all Persons of whome the Oathes of Allegiance and Supremacy might be required by Law instead of them And that the said Oathes of Allegiance and Supremacy be abrogated.<br />
<br />
I A B doe sincerely promise and sweare That I will be faithfull and beare true Allegiance to their Majestyes King William and Queene Mary Soe helpe me God.<br />
<br />
I A B doe sweare That I doe from my Heart Abhorr, Detest and Abjure as Impious and Hereticall this damnable Doctrine and Position That Princes Excommunicated or Deprived by the Pope or any Authority of the See of Rome may be deposed or murdered by their Subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare That noe Forreigne Prince Person Prelate, State or Potentate hath or ought to have any Jurisdiction Power Superiority Preeminence or Authoritie Ecclesiastical or Spirituall within this Realme Soe helpe me God.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Upon which their said Majestyes did accept the Crown and Royall Dignitie of the Kingdoms of England France and Ireland and the Dominions thereunto belonging according to the Resolution and Desire of the said Lords and Commons contained in the said Declaration. And thereupon their Majestyes were pleased That the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons being the two Houses of Parlyament should continue to sitt and with their Majesties Royall Concurrence make effectuall Provision for the Setlement of the Religion Lawes and Liberties of this Kingdome soe that the same for the future might not be in danger againe of being subverted, to which the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons did agree and proceede to act accordingly.<br />
<br />
*Now in pursuance of the Premisses the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons in Parlyament assembled for the ratifying confirming and establishing the said Declaration and the Articles Clauses Matters and things therein contained by the Force of a Law made in due Forme by Authority of Parlyament doe pray that it may be declared and enacted That all and singular the Rights and Liberties asserted and claimed in the said Declaration are the true auntient and indubitable Rights and Liberties of the People of this Kingdome and soe shall be esteemed allowed adjudged deemed and taken to be and that all and every the particulars aforesaid shall be firmly and strictly holden and observed as they are expressed in the said Declaration And all Officers and Ministers whatsoever shall serve their Majestyes and their Successors according to the same in all times to come.<br />
<br />
*And the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons seriously considering how it hath pleased Almighty God in his marvellous Providence and merciful Goodness to this Nation to provide and preserve their said Majestyes Royall Persons most happily to Raigne over us upon the Throne of their Auncestors for which they render unto him from the bottome of their Hearts their humblest Thanks and Praises doe truely firmely assuredly and in the Sincerity of their Hearts thinke and doe hereby recognize acknowledge and declare That King James the Second haveing abdicated the Government and their Majestyes having accepted the Crowne and Royall Dignity [as] aforesaid Their said Majestyes did become were are and of right ought to be by the Lawes of this Realme our Soveraigne Liege Lord and Lady King and Queene of England France and Ireland and the Dominions thereunto belonging in and to whose Princely Persons the Royall State Crowne and Dignity of the said Realmes with all Honours Stiles Titles Regalities Prerogatives Powers Jurisdictions and Authorities to the same belonging and appertaining are most fully, rightfully and intirely invested and incorporated united and annexed.<br />
<br />
*And for preventing all Questions and Divisions in this Realme by reason of any pretended Titles to the Crowne and for preserveing a Certainty in the Succession thereof in and upon which the Unity Peace Tranquility and Safety of this Nation doth under God wholly consist and depend The said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons doe beseech their Majestyes That it may be enacted established and declared That the Crowne and Regall Government of the said Kingdoms and Dominions with all and singular the Premisses thereunto belonging and appertaining shall bee and continue to their said Majestyes and the Survivour of them dureing their Lives and the Life of the Survivour of them And that the entire perfect and full Exercise of the Regall Power and Government be onely in and executed by his Majestie in the Names of both their Majestyes dureing their joynt Lives And after their deceases the said Crowne and Premisses shall be and remaine to the Heires of the Body of her Majestie and for default of such Issue to her Royall Highnesse the Princess Anne of Denmarke and the Heires of her Body and for default of such Issue to the Heires of the Body of his said Majestie And thereunto the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons doe in the Name of all the People aforesaid most humbly and faithfully submitt themselves their Heires and Posterities for ever and doe faithfully promise That they will stand to maintaine and defend their said Majesties and alsoe the Limitation and Succession of the Crowne herein specified and contained to the utmost of their Powers with their Lives and Estates against all Persons whatsoever that shall attempt any thing to the contrary.<br />
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*And whereas it hath beene found by Experience that it is inconsistent with the Safety and Welfaire of this Protestant Kingdome to be governed by a Popish Prince or by any King or Queene marrying a Papist the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons doe further pray that it may be enacted That all and every person and persons that is are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall professe the Popish Religion or shall marry a Papist shall be excluded and be for ever uncapeable to inherit possesse or enjoy the Crowne and Government of this Realme and Ireland and the Dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same or to have use or exercise any Regall Power Authoritie or Jurisdiction within the same [And in all and every such Case or Cases the People of these Realmes shall be and are hereby absolved of their Allegiance]<br />
<br />
*And the said Crowne and Government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons being Protestants as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case the said person or persons soe reconciled holding Communion or Professing or Marrying as aforesaid were naturally dead [And that every King and Queene of this Realme who at any time herafter shall come to and succeede in the Imperiall Crowne of this Kingdome shall on the first day of the meeting of the first Parlyament next after his or her comeing to the Crowne sitting in his or her Throne in the House of Peeres in the presence of the Lords and Commons therein assembled or at his or her Coronation before such person or persons who shall administer the Coronation Oath to him or her at the time of his or her takeing the said Oath (which shall first happen) make subscribe and audibly repeate the Declaration mentioned in the Statute made in the thirtyeth yeare of the Raigne of King Charles the Second Entituled An Act for the more effectual Preserveing the Kings Person and Government by disableing Papists from sitting in either House of Parlyament<br />
<br />
*But if it shall happen that such King or Queene upon his or her Succession to the Crowne of this Realme shall be under the Age of twelve yeares then every such King or Queene shall make subscribe and audibly repeate the same Declaration at his or her Coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first Parlyament as aforesaid which shall first happen after such King or Queene shall have attained the said Age of twelve yeares.] All which Their Majesties are contented and pleased shall be declared enacted and established by authoritie of this present Parliament and shall stand remaine and be the Law of this Realme for ever And the same are by their said Majesties by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons in Parlyament assembled and by the authoritie of the same declared enacted and established accordingly.<br />
<br />
And bee it further declared and enacted by the Authoritie aforesaid That from and after this present Session of Parlyament noe Dispensation by Non obstante of or to any Statue or any part thereof shall be allowed but that the same shall be held void and of noe effect Except a Dispensation be allowed of in such Statue [and except in such Cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more Bill or Bills to be passed dureing this present session of Parliament.]<br />
<br />
NOTES<br />
<br />
1. The item numbering has been added for clarity.<br />
2. The asterisked paragraphing in the second half of the document is not original, but has been added for easier reading and place-finding.<br />
3. The familiar title ‘Bill of Rights 1688’ comes from ‘The Short Titles Act 1896’. The full title of the Act is as given.<br />
4. According to the authoritative Halsbury's Statutes (4th edition, 1995 Reissue), all parts of this Act are still in force in England, Wales and Northern Ireland save that the Preamble was repealed in part (Juries) in so far as extending to Northern Ireland by ‘The Statute Law Revision Act 1950’.<br />
5. This Act is sometimes dated as 1689 and sometimes called ‘The Declaration of Rights’.<br />
6. At the time this Act was passed, the years began at Easter and the Julian Calendar was in effect. In 1752 Britain adopted the New Style Gregorian calendar and the beginning of the year was set as 1 January.<br />
<br />
<br />
We publish this document in the interest of keeping people informed and raising the level of debate of the people of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland & Monmouthshire. The intention being to aquaint them with their rights and freedoms, that they may better understand the effective treasons and misrepresentations being perpetrated on them, by their political representatives.<br />
The aim being to encourage the people of these isles to take more direct action in lobbying and putting their case, to defend these isles against domination by and loss of Sovereignty to the undemocratic, unelected dictatorship of the illegally constituted European Union.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;">"In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 130%;"> </span></b> <br />
<div></div>Regards,<br />
Greg L-W. <b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>For all my contact details & Blogs: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b><br />
<b> </b> <b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>SOME QUICK BLOG CONTACTS:</b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg Lance-Watkins: <a href="http://greglancewatkins.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>Greg L-W.: <a href="http://gl_w.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a> </b> <br />
<div></div><b>UKIP-vs-EUkip: <a href="http://ukip-vs-eukip.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>TheMidnightGroup: <a href="http://themidnightgroup.blogspot.com/">CLICK HERE</a></b> <br />
<div></div><b>INDEPENDENT Leave-The-EU Alliance: <a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">CLICK HERE</a></b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<div></div><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b> ‘The arrogance and hubris of corrupt politicians will be responsible for every drop of blood spilt in the Wars of Disassociation, if Britain does not leave the EU.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The ugly, centralised, undemocratic supra national policies being imposed by the centralised and largely unelected decisionmakers of The EU for alien aims, ailien values and to suit alien needs stand every possibility of creating 200,000,000 deaths across EUrope as a result of the blind arrogance and hubris of the idiologues in the central dictatorship, and their economic illiteracy marching hand in glove with the idiocy of The CAP & The CFP - both policies which deliver bills, destroy lives and denude food stocks.<br />
<br />
<div></div>The EU, due to the political idiocy and corruption of its undemocratic leaders, is now a net importer of food, no longer able to feed itself and with a decreasing range of over priced goods, of little use to the rest of the world, to sell with which to counter the net financial drain of endless imports. <b> </b><br />
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<div></div><b>British Politicians with pens and treachery, in pursuit of their own agenda and greed, have done more damage to the liberty, freedoms, rights and democracy of the British peoples than any army in over 1,000 years.</b><br />
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<div></div>The disastrous effects of British politicians selling Britain into the thrall of foreign rule by the EU for their own personal rewards has damaged the well-being of Britain more than the armies of Hitler and the Franco - German - Italian axis of 1939 - 1945.<br />
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<div></div> Until we gain our liberty, restore our sovereignty, repatriate our democracy and reinstate our Justice system and our borders - defended by our Police and Military armed with sustainable and obtainable weaponry: Treat every election as a referendum.<br />
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<div></div>Don't spoil your Ballot Paper by wasting it on a self serving Politician in ANY election until we are liberated from the EU and are a Free Sovereign peoples, with independent control of our own borders, making and managing Law & Justice for our own benefit, in our own elected Westminster Parliament where we can fire our politicians at the ballot box, if they fail to represent OUR best interests and de-centralise their powers.<br />
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<div></div><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Make your vote count</b> <b>Write on YOUR ballot Paper in EVERY Election:</b></span> <b><span style="font-size: 180%;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;"><a href="http://www.leave-the-eu.org.uk/">LEAVE-THE-EU</a> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 180%;">to GET YOUR COUNTRY BACK</span></b></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"><a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_a.png?x-id=4eecd8e7-337f-44b3-90f4-73e229bb2dd9" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div>Greg_L-W.http://www.blogger.com/profile/03702733467535493491noreply@blogger.com0